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Test 1
Macromolecules and Membranes
207
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/14/2014

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Term
A _____occurs when two atoms of opposite charges transfer electrons.
Definition
ionic bond
Term
A _____occurs when two atoms share electrons.
Definition
covalent bond
Term
Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond results in a ______.
Definition
nonpolar covalent bond
Term
Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond results in ______.
Definition
a polar covalent bond
Term
Molecules that contain partially positive and partially negative charges are called ____.
Definition
polar
Term
When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one atom and electronegatively attracted to another atom, a _____forms.
Definition
hydrogen bond
Term
With water molecules, where does the hydrogen bond occur?
Definition
between the oxygen atom on one molecule and the hydrogen atom on another molecule
Term
Water molecules have the tendency to stick together. The word for this is_____.
Definition
cohesive
Term
What causes water molecules to evaporate from a leaf?
Definition
water's cohesive properties cause the water molecules to stick together and thus pull each other up the leaf
Term
Water also has the ability to stick to other subtances. The word for this is____.
Definition
adhesive
Term
Water also takes a long time to heat up. This is called____.
Definition
high heat capacity
Term
A_____solution contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+).
Definition
acidic
Term
What happens when you dissolve an acid in water?
Definition
it releases a lot of hydrogen ions
Term
What would be an example of dissolving an acid in water?
Definition
squeezing a lemon into water makes the water acidic
Term
When bases are added to water, they release____.
Definition
hydroxide ions (OH-)
Term
Solutions that contain a lot of hydroxide ions are called ____.
Definition
alkaline
Term
What is an example of a basic/alkaline solution?
Definition
soap
Term
The ph scale is numbered from ___to ___.
Definition
1 to 14
Term
What is considered neutral pH?
Definition
7
Term
What determines if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral?
Definition
concentration of hydrogen ions
Term
If a solution has a lot of hydrogen ions, it will also have a _____and can be called_____.
Definition
low pH; acidic
Term
If you increase the hydrogen ions, you also ____.
Definition
decrease the pH
Term
What is an example of a solution with a neutral pH, (pH of 7)?
Definition
water
Term
The pH scale is logarithmic...this means that a change of one number of pH is actually _____
Definition
ten times
Term
What is the difference in a pH of 3 and a pH of 4?
Definition
a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4
Term
Most of the chemical compounds in living organisms contain a skeleton of _____.
Definition
carbon atoms
Term
Molecules that contain carbon atoms are called _____. MOelcules that do not contain carbon atoms are called_____.
Definition
organic compounds; inorganic compounds
Term
What would be an example of an iorganic compound?
Definition
NaCl
Term
The only inorganic compound that does contain carbon is____.
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
What are the four classes of organic compounds that are essential to life on earth?
Definition
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Term
_____are organix compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. They usually have the formula CnH2nOn (1:2:1).
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
What are the three main types of carbohydrates?
Definition
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Term
Monosaccharides are _____and they serve as _____for all cells.
Definition
simple sugars; energy source
Term
What are the two most common types of monosaccharides?
Definition
glucose and fructose
Term
Both glucose and fructose have the formula....?
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
What are the two forms of glucose?
Definition
alpha and beta
Term
What is the difference in alpha and beta glucose?
Definition
the reversal of H and OH on the first carbon
Term
Glucose is a ____sugar.
Definition
6 carbon
Term
Fructose is ____sugar and it contains ___carbons.
Definition
fruit; 6
Term
Glucose and fructose can be depicted as _____or _____.
Definition
straight, rings
Term
If you see 6 carbons, it is most likely _____or ______.
Definition
glucose or fructose
Term
When 2 monosaccharides are brought together, _____forms.
Definition
disaccharide
Term
How doe a disaccharide form?
Definition
the hydrogen from one sugar combines with the hydroxyl of another sugar molecule
Term
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Definition
maltose
Term
Maltose is formed by 2_____.
Definition
glucose molecules
Term
When two glucose molecules join together to form maltose, what happens?
Definition
a water molecule is formed by the combination of the hydrogen atom and the hydroxyl group; the water molecule is removed from the sugars and they are now linked
Term
When 2 glucose molecules link together to form maltose, a ______is formed.
Definition
a glycosidic bond
Term
Since a water molecule is lost in the process of making maltose, this porcess is called ______or _____.
Definition
dehydration synthesis or condensation
Term
If you want to break up the disaccharide and make 2 monosaccharides, what do you do? What is this process calle?
Definition
just add water; called hydrolysis
Term
_____are made up repeating units of monosaccharides.
Definition
polysacharrides
Term
A______is a repeating subunit of the same general type.
Definition
polymer
Term
What are the most common types of poly sccharides?
Definition
starch, cellulose, glycogen
Term
Animals store glucose in the form of _____.
Definition
glycogen
Term
_____are often storage forms of sugars or structural components of cells.
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
_____is made up of beta glucose and it is a major part of the cell wall in plants.
Definition
cellulose
Term
_____is a polymer of beta glucose.
Definition
chitin
Term
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
Definition
humans can easily digest alpha glucose, however cellulose is made of beta glucose which humans cannot digest
Term
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Definition
amino acids
Term
What four elements do amino acids contain?
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Term
There are ___different amino acids commonly found in proteins.
Definition
20
Term
What are the four important parts of an amino acid?
Definition
amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen, R group
Term
What makes each amino acid unique?
Definition
R group
Term
What is another word for R group?
Definition
side chain
Term
A _____is a distinctive group of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are apart of.
Definition
functional group
Term
What is an example of a functional group?
Definition
an organic acid has a carboxyl group, which releases hydrogen ions in water, which causes the solution to be acidic
Term
Just like with glucose and fructose when you look for 6 carbons, what do you look for with an amino acid?
Definition
an amino group (NH2) and then the carboxyl molecule (COOH)
Term
When 2 amino acids join together, they form a _____.
Definition
dipeptide
Term
What happens when two amino acids join together?
Definition
the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another amino acid; a peptide bond is formed and links the two amino acids
Term
The process of forming a dipeptide or bringing two amino acids together is very similar to bringing two glucose molecules together to form maltose. Why?
Definition
just like when two glucose molecules join to form maltose, when two amino acids join to form a dipeptide, water molecule is released and thus dehydration syntehsis occurs
Term
If a group of amino acids are joined together in a string, you have a _____.
Definition
polypetide
Term
When a polypetide structure twists and folds on itself, what do you have?
Definition
a protein
Term
Like carbohydrates, _____consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in the 1:2:1 ratio.
Definition
lipids
Term
What are 4 common examples of lipids?
Definition
steroids, wax, oil, phospholipids
Term
What is an example of a simple lipid?
Definition
neutral fats
Term
What does a typical fat consist of?
Definition
three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
Term
What is the fancy word for fat?
Definition
triglyceride
Term
How do you make a triglyceride?
Definition
each of the carboxyl groups (COOH) of the 3 fatty acids must react with one of the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule
Term
The formation of a fat happens by the removal of a water molecule, which is called ______.
Definition
dehydration synthesis
Term
The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids is called _____>
Definition
ester linkage
Term
What are the three types of fatty acids?
Definition
saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated
Term
What is the difference between a saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Definition
a saturated fatty acid has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms; an unsaturated fatty acid has ONE double bond between 2 adjacent carbons; a polyunsaturated fatty acid has multiple double bonds
Term
What makes up a phospholipid?
Definition
2 fatty acid tails and one neagatively charged phosphate head
Term
The two fatty acid tails in a phospholipid are ______which means they don't mix well with water.
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
The phosphate head of the phosopholipid is _____, which means it does mix well with water.
Definition
hydrophilic
Term
Why is the phosphate head of a phospholipid hydrophilic?
Definition
it carries a negative charge and this charge draws it to the positively charged end of the water molecule
Term
A phospholipid is _____, which means it has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
Definition
amphipathic
Term
What is the basic structure of all steroids?
Definition
4 carbon rings
Term
What are three examples of steroids (3rd one is broad)?
Definition
cholesterol, vitamin D, variety of hormones
Term
What 5 elements make up nucleic acids?
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Term
Nucelic acids are made up of _____.
Definition
nucleotides
Term
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
Definition
DNA and RNA---deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
Term
Both DNA and RNA contain what three parts?
Definition
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Term
What is the name of the five carbon sugars in DNA and RNA?
Definition
DNA is deoxyribose and RNA is ribose
Term
DNA consists of 2 strands that wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder called a _____.
Definition
double helix
Term
DNA is made up of nucleotides. What three parts make up a nucleotide?
Definition
five carbon sugar, a phosphate, nitrogenous base
Term
In DNA, the sugar is linked to two things. What are they?
Definition
the sugar, deoxyribose, is linked to the phosphate group and the nitrogenous base
Term
A DNA nucleotide can have one of 4 different nitrogenous bases. What are their names?
Definition
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Term
What are the purines in the DNA nitrogenous bases? Pyrimidines?
Definition
the purines are adenine and guanine; the pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine
Term
What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?
Definition
a purine is a double ringed nitrogenous base; a pyrmidine is a single ringed nitrogenous base
Term
Adenine pairs with thymine by forming ______. Guanine pairs with cytosine by forming ______.
Definition
2 hydrogen bonds; 3 hydrogen bonds
Term
The plasma membrane is the outerenvolepe of the cell. It is a double layered structure made up of _____and ______.
Definition
phospholipids and proteins
Term
In the plasma membrane, which direction do the heads and tails face?
Definition
the hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward and the hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward
Term
Only certain substances, mostly ______, can pass through the membrane.
Definition
proteins
Term
Some of these proteins, the ones that can pass through the cell unaided are loosely associated with the lipid bilayer and they re called ______. They are located on the inner and outer surface of the membrane. Others are firmly bound to the plasma membrane and they are called _____.
Definition
peripheral proteins; integral proteins
Term
_____is when the hydrohphilic regions extend out of the cell or into cytoplasm; hydrophobic regions interact with the tails of the membrane phospholipids.
Definition
amphipathic
Term
Plasma membranes fall into five broad functional groups: what are they?
Definition
adhesion proteins, receptor proteins, transport proteins, channel proteins, recognition and adhesion proteins
Term
____form junctions between adjacent cells.
Definition
adhesion proteins
Term
_____are docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones.
Definition
receptor proteins
Term
_____form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane.
Definition
transport proteins
Term
_____form channels that allow passage of certain ions or molecules.
Definition
channel proteins
Term
______molecules are also found in the phospholipid bilayer because they help stabilize membrane fludidity in cells.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
_____cannot be broken down chemically to other substances.
Definition
elements
Term
What four elements make up most matter on earth?
Definition
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Term
A ____is the smallest unit of an element.
Definition
atom
Term
What are the three main parts of an atom? and their actions?
Definition
proton (positive charge, determines element) ; neutron (no charge; determines isotope); electron (negative charge; determines chemical behavior)
Term
What qualifies an electrically neutral atom?
Definition
equal numbers of electrons and protons
Term
The number of protons determines the _____.
Definition
atomic number
Term
The atomic mass is measured in _____. It equals the sum of _____plus_____.
Definition
daltons; protons plus neutrons
Term
_____differ in neutron number and mass.
Definition
isotopes
Term
Electrons occupy specific _______in an atom.
Definition
electron shells
Term
An atom that has an incomplete outer shell, the valence shell is ______.
Definition
reactive
Term
When do chemical bonds form?
Definition
when atoms complete their valence shells
Term
A _____is when an atom or molecule gains or loses an electron and becomes charged.
Definition
ion
Term
A _____is an attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions.
Definition
ionic bond
Term
_____is when the evaporative loss of the most energetic molecules cools a surface.
Definition
evaporative cooling
Term
how do you calculate pH?
Definition
-log[H+]
Term
_____resist change in pH.
Definition
buffers
Term
Heat is _____when hydrogen bonds break. Heat is _____when hydrogen bonds form.
Definition
absorbed; released
Term
_____is the study of carbon compounds.
Definition
organic chemistry
Term
Biological diversity is based on ______.
Definition
carbon's ability to form large compounds
Term
HOw many atoms can carbon bond to?
Definition
4
Term
_____consist only of carbon and hydrogen.
Definition
hydrocarbons
Term
_____are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
Definition
isomers
Term
What are the three types of isomers?
Definition
structural isomer, cis-trans isomer, and enantiomer
Term
cis-trans_____. enantiomer _____.
Definition
flipped; mirror image
Term
_____consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
Definition
ATP
Term
study chemical groups and functional groups!!
Definition
Term
What are 8 main types of proteins?
Definition
enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile & motor, structural
Term
_____proteins are used for selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
Definition
enzymatic
Term
______proteins are used for protection against disease.
Definition
defensive
Term
______proteins are used for storage of amino acids.
Definition
storage
Term
______proteins are used for transport of substances.
Definition
transport
Term
_____proteins are used for coordination of an organism's activities.
Definition
hormonal
Term
_____proteins are used for a response of a cell to chemical stimuli.
Definition
receptor proteins
Term
_______are used for movement.
Definition
contractile & motor
Term
_____proteins are used for support.
Definition
structural
Term
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Definition
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
Term
Which protein structure has a linear chain of amino acids?
Definition
primary structure
Term
Primary structure is determined by ______. The primary structure dictates _____and______.
Definition
genetic information; secondary and tertiary
Term
What are the two types of secondary structure?
Definition
alpha helix (coils); beta pleated sheets (folds)
Term
The ______represents regions stablized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypeptide backbone.
Definition
secondary structure
Term
The ______has a 3-D shape stablized by interactions between side chains.
Definition
tertiary strcture
Term
The ______represents the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.
Definition
tertiary structure
Term
The ______represents the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide units.
Definition
quaternary structure
Term
______is caused by substitution of a single amino acid in a protein.
Definition
sick cell disease
Term
What is crucial to the folding process in proteins?
Definition
chaperonins
Term
What is the five carbon sugar in the RNA nucleotide? What are teh possible nitrogenous bases?
Definition
sugar=ribose; nitrogenous bases=cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil; usally single stranded
Term
The ability of molecules to move across the cell membrane depends on what two things?
Definition
1) the semipermeability of the plasma membrane 2) the size and charge of particles that want to get through
Term
______can cross the membrane without any resistance because "like dissolves like"and the plasma membrane is amde of ______.
Definition
lipid-soluble substances; phospholipids
Term
If the substance is not ______, the bilayer won't let it in.
Definition
lipid-soluble
Term
What is the one exception to the "only lipid soluble" rule in the plasma membrane?
Definition
although water molecules are not lipid soluble, they can rapidly cross a lipid bilayer
Term
Water molecules can cross the lipid bilayer through______which are integral proteins that regulate the flow of water.
Definition
aquaporins
Term
What is simple diffusion?
Definition
if there is a high concentration of a substance outside the cell and a low concentration inside the cell, the substance will move into the cell (down the concentration gradient)
Term
Does simple diffusion require energy?
Definition
no
Term
What is another name for the type of transport that occurs during simple diffusion?
Definition
passive transport
Term
A special kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water is called ______.
Definition
osmosis
Term
HOw do lipid insoluble proteins, which are dissolved in the fluid on either side of the cell membrane, get in and out of the cell?
Definition
special proteins, called channel porteins, can help lipid insoluble substances get in and out
Term
_____pick up the substance from one side of the membrane and carry it to the other. What is this process called?
Definition
channel proteins; facilitated transport
Term
Does faciliated trasnport require energy?
Definition
no
Term
When a substance wants to move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, _____is required.
Definition
energy
Term
When you move against the natural flow is _____.
Definition
active trasnport
Term
During active transport, a transport protein can help,but ______is necessary.
Definition
energy
Term
Where does the energy come from during active transport?
Definition
the sodium potassium pump
Term
What happens during the sodium potassium pump?
Definition
it ushers sodium ions out of the cell and brings potassium ions across the cell membrane; these pumps depend on ATP to get ions across that would otherwise remain in high concentration
Term
______occurs when the particles that want to enter a cell are just too large and the cell uses a portion of the cell membrane to engulf the substance. The cell membrane froms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms either a vaculoe or vesicle.
Definition
endocytosis
Term
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Definition
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
What happens during pinocytosis?
Definition
the cell ingests liquids
Term
What happens during phagocytosis?
Definition
the cell takes in solids
Term
What happens during receptor mediated endocytosis?
Definition
cell surface receptors are covered in clathrin-coated pits; the particle is brought into the cell by folding in of the cell membrane
Term
Sometimes large particles are transported out of the cell. This is called ______,
Definition
exocytosis
Term
_____is the transport of 2 colutes. A membrane protein enables the "downhill" diffusion of one solute to drive the "uphill" transport of the other.
Definition
cotransport
Term
What are three types of disaccharides and what are they made of?
Definition
sucrose (made of glucose and fructose); lactose (made up of galactose and glucose); maltose (made up of glucose and glucose)
Term
What are two examples of polysaccharides?
Definition
starch and cellulose
Term
______is a product of adhesion because it sticks to the side of the tube; a product of cohesion because it stick to itself and drags the next molecule upwards.
Definition
capillary action
Term
review how to calculate concentration and dilution
Definition
Term
the pH of water is 7, what is the hydrogen ion concentration?
Definition
1 x 10^-7
Term
if the hydrogen ion concentration is 1 x 10^-7, what is the hydroxide ion concentration?
Definition
1x 10^-7. concentrations must always add to 14!
Term
A solution has a pH of 10, if you increase the [H+] 100 fold, what will be the new pH?
Definition
8
Term
A pH solution of 7 has _____the [H+] concentration than a solution at a pH of 5?
Definition
100 times less
Term
When you denature a protein, you do what?
Definition
break the bonds between the side chains
Term
What is the physiological pH?
Definition
7.4
Term
What do you need to do to an amino group in order to remove a hydrogen?
Definition
raise the pH
Term
Alpha helix and beta sheets are held together by ______.
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
What happens if you raise the pH of an amine or carboxyl group?
Definition
Term
HOw do digestive enzymes still function if pH is so destructive (gastric juice--pH of 2)?
Definition
the porteins in their primary sequence don't have ionic bonds (which are susceptible to pH) so they won't be affected
Term
What is an example of how changing pH can change the structure of a protein?
Definition
influenza hemagglutinin (the flu virus)
Term
what causes blood to change pH?
Definition
lactic acid from exercising; or CO2 from breathing
Term
If you have water and add an acid, what will happen to the pH? what happens if you have water and add a base?
Definition
pH will decrease; pH will increase
Term
review nutriton article
Definition
Term
What are four diseases related to obesity?
Definition
type two diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome
Term
What are two hormones made from fat (sex hormones)?
Definition
testosterone and estradiol
Term
What is a trans fat made of?
Definition
3 carbon fatty acids
Term
When you name omegas, how do you do it?
Definition
it's the first double bond from the omega side
Term
An example of a "fake fat or sugar" is ______which is a variation of 2 amino acids or _____which is when fatty acids are joined to sucrose.
Definition
apartame; olestra
Term
What is the best way to avoid obesity?
Definition
limit total calories
Term
____makes the membrane less fluid.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
How do molecules cross the membrane?
Definition
hydrophobic ones cross through with no problem; hydrophilic ones cross through with a transport protein
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