[image]

1. Channel Proteins:Central tunnel found in the plasma membrane.

2. Carrier Proteins: Specifically shaped. Go through "comformational change." Found in plasma membrane.

1. Uniporter- Can only move 1 solute at a time.

2. Symporter- Can move 2 or more solutes in the same direction.

3. Antiporter- Can move 2 or more solutes in different directions.

Example: Na/K pump

[image]

1. G₁- Normal Cell Activity.

2. S- Chromosomes Replicate

3. G₂- Organelles Replicate

[image]

1.Prophase: Chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

2.Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules connect to the kinetichore of the chromosomes.

3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

4. Anaphase: Chromatids split into chromosomes and move to opposing poles of the cells.

5. Telophase: Arrival of chromosomes at the ends the poles of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around both.

6. Cytokinesis: The cell divides.

[image]

1. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.

2. Lipids: N/A

3. Proteins: Amino Acids

4. Nucleic Acid: N/A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and specialized functions. They are compartmentalized.

Prokaryotic cellshave no nucleus and no compartmentalization. Everything inside the cell lies within the cytoplasm.

[image]

1. Different cells express different proteins.

Example: Skin cells v. Muscle cells

2. The proteins a cell produces can change due to change in environment.

Example: Heat shock proteins

3. Proteins have a finite lifetime.

1. Plasma membrane: Phosolipid Bilayer, outermost part of the cell.

2. Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Nuclear Envelope.

3. Nucleus: The genome (DNA) is stored here. The nucleus has a double membrane with selectively permeable pores.

4. Cytosol: The cytoskelton and fluid inside the cell.

5. Semi-Autonomous Organelles: All other organelles inside the cell.

1. Microtubules: Made of tubulin. They maintain cell shape and help in cell motility and division.

2. Microfilaments: Made of actin. They help in cell division, maintain cell shape, and aid in muscle contraction.

3. Intermediate Filaments: Made of a variety of proteins. Example: keratin. Help maintain nucleus shape and help cell withstand mechanical stress.

[image]

Primary: List of amino acids

Secondary: Repeated pattern or motif. Example: Alpha-helix or Beta-sheet.

Tertiary: The 3-D shape of the protein, which determines its function.

Quaternary: The way in which the protein interacts with other proteins. Not all proteins have this.

All the levels of protein structure are determined by its primary structure.

1. Phospholipid Bilayer

2. Integral Membrane Proteins Example: Transmembrane Proteins and Lipid Anchor Proteins

3. Peripheral Proteins

4. Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

5. Cholesterol

[image]

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism.

3. Cells can only arise from previously existing cells.

1. Exocytosis- Out of the cell

2. Endocytosis- Into the cell.

Examples: Phagocytosis: Engulf "solid" matter.

Pinocytosis: Engulf cellular fluid and dissolved particles.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Similar to pinocytosis but with specific receptors.

[image]

In animal cells the cell is divided by a ring of actin which contracts and pinches the duplicated materials into 2 cells.

In plant cells vesicles filled with cellulose and other cell wall building materials migrate to the center of the cell and fuse together to form a cell wall between the duplicated materials.

[image]

An autotroph can produce its own fuel to make energy. (AKA Plants)

A heterotroph needs to consume fuel to make energy. (AKA non-photosynthetic organisms)

[image]

C₆H₁₂O₆

[image]

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. They take place in the cytosol and the mitochondrion.

[image]

A chemical reaction is the breaking and forming of covalent bonds.

An EXERGONIC reaction is when the E produced > E released (releases extra energy)

An ENDERGONIC reaction is when the E produced < E released (needs extra energy)

[image]

ATP enables cells do work.

What are the types of cellular work?

1. Chemical: Driving endergonic reactions.

2. Transport: Active Transport (Na/K pump)

3. Mechanical: Moving Vesicles

[image]

An enzyme is a catalyst which lowers the activation energy needed for exergonic reactions to take place. Thus speeding up chemical reations.

[image]

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in a cell.

1. Catabolic reactions break down large complex molecules into smaller simpler molecules which releases energy.

2. Anabolic reactions build simple molecules into larger complex molecules which requires energy.

[image]

1. Genetic: Turn off genes that produce the enzymes.

2. Cellular: Hormone signals inform the cell to turn on pathway.

3. Biochemical:

a. Competitive Inhibition-Molecule binds at active site blocking substrate.

b. Non-competitive Regulation- Molecule binds at the regulatory (allosteric) site changing the shape of the active site so either the substrate can fit (positive) or cannot fit (negative).

[image]

The product of the metabolic pathway becomes a negative (allosteric) inhibitor.

[image]

[image]

Substrate-level phosphorylation is when phosphate attaches  to substrate in enzyme with ADP to produce ATP.

Phase 1: Energy Investment Phase

Step 1- Convert glucose into a form that can be easily split in half.

Step 2- Split the 6C sugar into 2 3C sugars (G3circleP)

Phase 2: Energy Payoff Phase

Step 3- Oxidation of (G3P)=e^- to NAD⁺ which is made into NADH+H⁺

Step 4- ATP production (produced by substrate-level phosphorylation)

[image]

Potential: Energy stored due to position/ structure.

Kinetic: Energy available to do work.

[image]

38 ATP

[image]

1. Priming: Preparing Acetyl CoA for electron (e^-) extracting.

2. Energy Exraction: e^- harvested, ATP produced.

[image]

Pumps protons (H⁺) from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The electrons (e^-) have thier final acceptor: O₂, this is why we breathe.

[image]

Protons turn a roter which makes the catalytic peptide knobs attatched to the internal rod coming out of the rotor bind ADP with P_i to form ATP.

[image]

The process is called fermentation. The pyruvate made during glycolysis (which can occur w/o oxygen) is turned into lactic acid by oxidizing a NADH+H⁺. The NAD⁺ is then used by glycolysis.

[image]