EARLY ADULTHOOD- 10-13

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD- 14-17

LATE ADULTHOOD- 18-21

EMERGING ADULTHOOD- 20s

BIOLOGICAL- puberty/ hormonal

COGNITIVE- more complex thoughts and insights

SOCIAL- increase responsibility and adult- like roles

1. MICRO LEVEL- peers/hood/ with family

2. MESO LEVEL- close organizations (church, school)

3. EXO LEVEL- relationships btwn. organizations (church and school)

4. MACRO LEVEL- big environment of adolescents (culture, society, historical time)

1. CHANGES OVER TIME

2. HISTORICALLY BOUND

3. APPEARS TO BE LASTING LONGER NOW THAN IN HISTORY

4.IS FLUID/ DYNAMIC

1. GROWTH SPURT

2. PRIMARY SEX CHARAC. (GONADS)

3. SECONDARY SEX CHARAC. (BREASTS PUBERTY)

4. BODY COMP.

5. RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATION

NO new hormones

NO new body systems

Endocrine Glands

Hormones

3 functions

1. Adjust and coordinate body's rxn to stress

2. "  " chemical comp. of blood

3. Regulation of the process of turning food into energy

Enodocrine Gland 

Adrenal Glands (2 parts)

1. Cortex- outside produces cortisole and aldosterone

2. Medulla- inside of adrenals produce epinephrine and neroepinephine

Endocrine System

adrenal glands secrete hormones leading to our first sexual attraction.

maturation of adrenal glands.

influences rxn. to stress.

DNA

Environment

Increase in Leptin in girls

FATTER girls- early puberty

FATTER boys- later puberty

adolescent growth spurt

rapid acceleration of growth

simultaneous release growth hormones, thyroid and androgens

peak height velocity

females grow 2 years ealier than males

CHANGES FOR ADOLESCENTS

ANTICIPATE OR PREDICT POSSIBILITIES

UNDERSTAND ABSTRACT CONCEPTS 

SPONTANEOUSLY ENGAGE IN METACONGITIVE PROCESSING

THINK MULTIDEMENSIONALLY 

TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION CONTEXT

Increasingly IDEALISTIC

 uses deductive and inductive reasoning

uses hypothetical reasoning

imagine or thinks abt things or states not ever seen or experienced (love)

higher order language skills (sarcasm)

planning for rememberance and success 

AUTOMATICALLY monitoring thoughts

new bahaviors: 

-increase self conciousness 

-intellectualization

3. metacognition

(2 problem behaviors)

-Imaginary Audience- on stage for everyone to see him/her. self absorbed with himself and beieves everyone is too

-Personal Fable- belief that you are special or unique. Best or worst at something.

working memory capacity increases

think abt mult. factors at once

acknowledge conflictin feelings

use messages with one or more feelings (sarcasm)

5. Relativism

no more black and white thinking

context is important to understand

give up absolute thought- doubt knowledge they were taught

Formal operational logic- apply formal logic and hypothesis in school testing

apply logic outside of school.

1. Multidimensional thinking

2. abstract thinking 

3. extrapolate info. use hypotheses abt outcomes

4. understand how things operate in relation to other things.

Our cognitive processing is a function of how well our internal cognitive mechanisms perform

if there is a problem with our cognition what part is borken?

Sensory Register- Encodes Info.

Attention is applied

Working or short term memory

Long term memory

1. ATTENTION- more activities are AUTOMATIC

2. PROCESSING SPEED- FASTER

3. WORKING MEMORY -MORE EFFICIENCY

4. ORGANIZATION- INCREASE WORKING MEMORY AND LONG TERM MEMORY

5. METACOGNITION- AUTOMATICALLY MONITORS THINKING, more flexibility 

EARLY PRUNING OF CELLS.

STRENGTHENS UTILIZED PATHWAYS.

MYLENATION OF CONNENTION CAUSES FASTER TRANSMISSION OF NUERAL IMPULSES

MYLENTATON OF CORPUS COLLOSUM ALLOWS TRANSFER OF INFO THROUGH HEMISPHERES. 

feel more stress than children 

rewards readily grab their interest (are not satisfying)

increased NOVELTY seeking.

greater successibility to peer pressure

more depression

more substance abuse

increase risk taking

1. COMPONENTIAL INTELLIGENCE

2. INTELECTUAL INTELLIGENCE

3. CONTEXTUAL INTELLIGENCE 

1. LINGUISTIC

2. LOGICO-MATHMATICAL

3. SPATIAL

4. KINESTHETIC

5. INTERPERSONAL

6. INTRAPERSONAL

7. ENVIRONEMTNAL 

8. PERSONAL

ADOLESCENT-SOCIAL COGNITIVE

3 FACTORS

1.IMPRESSION FORMATION

2. SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE FORMATION

3. MORALITY AND SOCIAL CONVENTIONS

USAGE OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

LESS EGOCENTRIC

MORE ABSTRACT- LESS RIGID 

INTERPRET FEELINGS OF OTHERS

CONTEXTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF OTHERS

INDIVIDUAL THOUGHT

GREATER SOCIAL AWARENESS

PUT THEMSELVES IN OTHERS SHOES

UNDERSTANDS CIRCUMSTANTIAL DECISION MAKING

UNDERSTAND BENEFITS TO THEMSELVES AND OTHERS

MORAL STANDARDS ARE SUBJECTIVE

EQUALITY

JUSTICE 

FAIRNESS 

ARE ALL ABSTRACT SOCIAL CONVENTIONS ARE ARBRITRARY

^DIFFERENCES

MORAL ISSUES VS. SOCIAL CONVENTIONS

MORAL ISSUES ARE ABOUT HURTING ONES SELF OR OTHERS

SOCIAL CONVENTIONS ARE ABOUT CONVENIENCES, ORDERLINESS, MANNERS IN SOCIETY

OVERESTIMATE THE BENEIFTS OF ACTIONS BELIEVE THE HAVE GREAT IMPACT ON OTHERS OR HOW THE WORLD WORKS

UNDERESTIMATE THE COST OF ACTIONS

1. IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE CHOICES 

2.IDENTIFY CONSEQUENCE OF EACH CHOICE

3. EVALUATE COST AND BENEFITS OF EACH POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCE

4. ASSESS THE PROBABILITY OF EACH POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCE

5.COMBINE ALL INFO. INTO DECISION RULE

SHOULD I GO TO COLLEGE? WHICH COLLEGE?

1. YOUNG ADOL.-OFTEN OVERESTIMATE THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF BEHAVIOR

2. MIDDLE ADOL.- UNDERESTIMATE THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEING HURT BY BEHAVIOR.

REWARDS: MORE INFLUENCED BY THE PRECIEVED REWARDS THAN RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCES OF THE BEHAVIOR 

ADULTS ARE LESS INFLUENCED BY THE PRECIEVED REWARDS

lasts a long time (minimun 10 years)

puberty comes earlier now than before

variable from generation to generation

dependent upon social expectation

adol. is a societal construction

history of adol.

INVENTION OF MAN

ONLY EXISTED 100 YEARS

TEENAGERS- 50 YEARS AFFLUINT- NOT REPSONSIBLE FOR THEMSELVES

YOUTH TERM USED IN 1960s (18-24 years)

EMERGING ADULTHOOD- 18-25 YEARS OLD HAVE 5 CHARACTERISTICS

EXPLORATION OF IDENTITY (LIFE STYLE, CAREER)

WORK, ROMANTIC AND LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

FOCUS ON LEARNING ONES SELF AND BEING INDEPENDENT OF ONES PARENTS

FEELING OF BEING IN LIMBO- NOT BEING AN ADULT OR TEENAGER 

FEELING FULL OF OPPURTUNITY - OPTIMISM 

for self

great responsibility and initiate behavior

real or symobolic seperation from parents

differentiation of gender 

older generation passes on info. and tribal customs to new generation

taking responsibility for ones self

establishing a family is not as important as it once was

INUIT INDIANS- moving to a different house with a mate is best determiner of adulthood

1.academic achievment 

2.active social life

3.no justice system involvement

spend more time with friends then parents

more time with opposite gendered individuals

feel more autonomous

spend more time with antisocial friends

engage in more problem solving behavior

25 years of age, we all report we feel younger than we really are.

age is NOT easily assimilated onto our concept of self

1.vocation

2.parenthood

3.citizenship

young adults fail in vocational attempts

Younger adults do not having training in:

parenting

financial planning

parental and social expectations of young adults are not realized

1. early prevention- head start/ good nutrition/ preschool

2. mentoring- big brothers/ big sisters

3. literacy- classes for parents

4. help parents- get more education/ job training and better paying jobs

5. parenting classes- for parents

6. church affiliation- affluent church with big network of social contacts