1) orginator of psychology

2) used rational approach (hypothesis thinking) to understand behavior through reason and intuition

1) Father of scientific psychology

2) used empirical approach

3) understand behavior using direct oberservation and testing

• school of though of sturalism
• focused on struture of mind/consciousness
• brought wundts psy. to US
• main method=introspection

• to look inward to see how you percieve things and do things.
• introspec should never be used by it self said wundt
• when you introspec you break things down to it's most basic componets.

• very influenced by theory of evolution (changes within organism)
• interested in fuction of mind. (ex. learning b/c it's adpative to society)

• offically began in 1913 (strongest in 1930s-1950s)
• major school of thought
• studied only objective, obsverable behavior
• focused on learning

• revolts against behaviorism
• emphasized internal, mental entities
• began in 1956 (millers 7+/-2 article)

the influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (memory influences on perception).

• ex. when you look at grandma's face brain regions that store info. about what faces look like, particularly those that are familiar to us can help you to perceive and recognize the specific visual stimulus

• the notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the tupe of information they process

• Modules are held to be demain specific in that they rpocess only one particular type of info. (color, shape, words, faces).
• Central systems are held to be domain independant in that the type of information processed in non-specific (memory, attention, executive functions)

reconition and identification of a sensory stimulus

• perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing occurring at the same time

• perception that proceeds by transducing environmental stimuli into neural impulses that move onto successively more complex brain regions
• ex. when you look at the face of your grandmother, your eyes convert light energy into neural impulses, which travel into the brain to visual regions.

• sensation of smell begins when (blank) enter the nose.
• they are converted to neural signals at the sensory receptors located in our nasal mucosa.
• these sensory receptors are located on the cilia or hairlike structures of olfactory receptor neurons
• these chemicals bind to receptors however continous binding will result in fatigue of the olfactory receptor receptor neurons to which they bind.
• in other words the cell will stop responding to the odorant unless it's given a chance to recoverso it can fire again
• Ex. when you walk into a resturant you smell all the different ingrediants within the food that is being made. if you stay in the resturant long enough the receptors will stop responding to the good food smell however if you walk outside to talk on your phone then walk back in you will gain that sense of smell again because your olfactory receptor neurons would have gotten a break from constant exposure to the food odorants.

• is independent of smell its major organ is the tongue

Bitter, salt, sweet, sour

fifth is called umami used in cooking asian food and american fast food

exposure to one of the chemicals is paired with a painful shock to the leg, humans can be taught to discriminate between the odors.

• learning about associations between ordors and other experiences (such as shock) can influence our ability to perceive sensory information in the future

uses myelinated axons that signals faster than unmyelinated axons.

•  Pain inforamtion recieved via the fast pathway helps us to respond quickly with a withdrawal reflex, such as fulling a hand away from touching a hot stove

• naturally occuring pain-killing chemicals in the brain
• they both belong to a class of moleules called opiates
• runners high allows people to perform heroic physical actions under extreme duress (endrophine)

when people experience sensations that are actually felt pervioiusly as opposed to random seantions.

ex. someone who previously wore a ring or a watch is more liley have the sense of wearing one after an amputation than is a person who didn't wear a watch or ring.

suggest that different sound frequencies are converted into difference rates of action potentials or firing in our auditory nerves.

According to this theory, high frequency sounds produce a more raid firing than do low-frequency sounds although there may be some truth to frequency theory different firing rates contributr to sound perception of low tones.

researches agree that this theory cannot fully explain sound perception

the brain is able to attend to and pick up on relevant sounds even in a very noisy environment.

ex. (your name, or names of ppl who interest you, grap your attention and focus your auditory perception because you hve perviously learned their importance.

• general loudness- loud sounds are closer than quiet sounds.
• loudness in ear ear-the ear closer to the sound hears louder noise than the ear farther from the sound
• timing-sound waves will reach the ear closer to the source of the sound before they reach the ear farther away.

• light is made of of particles
• the light that we see can is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of energy that also incldues many forms we cannot see such as X-ray and radio waves.

• a specialized sheet of nerve cells in the back of the eye containing the sensory receptors for vision
• it reduces transduce light waves into neural impulses that the brain can process

• the sensory receptor cells for vision, located in the retina

• photoreceptors most responsive to levels of light and dark
• critical for night vision
• over 100 million in the human retina
• concentrated at the peripheral edges of the retina

• photoreceptors responsive to color
• cones are concentrated more in the center than periphery of the retina

the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries visual information form the eye to the brain

• the region of the retina and where our vision is at its sharpest, is entirely made up of cones.

• the wave-length of light that the visual stimulus produces
• the most basic aspect of color

refers to how pure and deep the color appears

ex. how much white is mixed into the color

• maintains that there are three difference sensors for color and that each type of sensor responds to a different range of wave-lengths of light
• this theory is largely correct in that people with normal color vision have three difference kinds of cones. one tupe responds to light in the yellowish-red wave-length, another to the green wavelengths, and the thrid to the light in the bluish-purple wave-length.

• colors pars work to inhibit one another in the perception of color.
• ex. red inhibits the perception of green, yellow inhibitsblue, and black inhibits white there is also some truth to this theory because we cannot mix certain combinations of colors. for example we cannot see reddish green or blush yellow; instead we see brown or green
• ex. staring at a white dot in the middle of a green and black flag. after about 30 seconds if you stare at a white sheet of paper, you will see an afterimage that is red and white

activity in a region of the thalmus that receives visual information

inputs to this nucleus from one color of an opposing pair inhibit those from the other color in the pair.

so inputs carring red information prevent the firing og neurons that convey green information.

• patients with damage to the part of the temporal cortex which houses the what pathway cannot recognize objects visually.
• ex. when shown a rose, they can descrie it, but they cannot name it. if they are allowed to touch or smell the rose, however, they can immdiately identity it as a rose

• damage to the where pathway
• ex. when given the task of puring water form a pitcher into a glass, they will ivariably miss and pour the water onto the table or floor.
• patients with this particular kind of damage completely ignore one side of their vidual field.
• because nerves that carry visual information cross to the opposite sides of the brain, people with damage to the left side of their where pathways neglect the right side and vice versa

this law indicates that vidual stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together.

ex. AA AA AA is seen as three groups while AAA AAA is seen as two groups

the stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together.

AAaa is viewed as two groups because of the dissimilar appearance of upper and lowercase letters

indicates that stimuli forming a shape tend to be grouped together while those that do not remain ungrouped.

ex. a similey face verus :) the latter is percieved as 2 separate symbols.

• the slight difference in images processed by the retinas of each eye
• ex. holding up a finger at arm's length away from your face. close first one eye, then the other, and note how the position of your finger seems to change relative to objects in the background beyound the finger.

• inward movement of the eyes to view objects close to oneself.
• ex. put finger at arms lenth from you and watch it as you bring it closer and closer to your face. note the sensation you feel as you do so.

• visual clues about depth and distance that can be perceived using information from only one eye.

• our tendencies to view objects as unchanging in some ways, even though the actual visual sensaton we reeive are constantly shifting.
• ex. when a resturant owner dimes the lights for the evening and the actual light waves we are receiving change in intensity, a phenomenon known as color constancy

• presented in the left earphone, and participants are instructed to ignore this message
• we somehow block procewssing of the inputs we're not interested in, much as a sentry blocks the path of unwanted guests buy simply stands back and allows legitimate guest to pass.

• failure to see caused by inattention
• ex. if someone is told to look at a + sign and nothing else then comes a triangle shape they will probably miss it because they weren't paying attention to the shape but to the + sign.

• observes inability to detect changes in scenes they are looking directly at.
• ex. if pictures in the pair are identical except for some single aspect: an extra engine shown on the airplane in one picture and not in the other.

before each pair, participants saw a warning signal.

this signal wared participants that the stimuli were able to arrive but provided no other information

expectation based.

created only when the participant believes the prime allows a prediction of what's to come

stimulus based.

produced merely by presentation of the priming stimulus, which no role for expectation.