Term
| Biological consequences of water being a solvent for charged or polar compounds? |
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Definition
| Most chemical reactions take place important for life take place in aqueous solution. |
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Term
| Cause of water being denser as a liquid than a solid? |
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Definition
| As water freezes, each molecule forms a total of four hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of the low-density crystal structure called ice. |
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Term
| Cause of water having high specific heat? |
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Definition
| Water molecules must absorb lots of heat energy to break hydrogen bonds and experience increased movement (and thus temperature) |
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Term
| Biological consequences of water having high specific heat? |
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Definition
| Oceans absorb and release heat slowly, moderating coastal climates |
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Term
| Biological consequences of water having a high heat of vaporization |
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Definition
| Evaporation of water from an organism cools the body |
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Term
| What two families make up carbonyls? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acts as a base- tends to attract a proton to form NH3R |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts as an acid- tends to lose a proton in solution to form RCOO- |
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Term
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Definition
| React with some compounds to form R1OHCR2H |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly polar, so makes compounds more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water; may also act as a weak acid and drop a proton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules with more than one phosphate linked together store large amounts of chemical energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| When present in proteins, can form disulfide bonds that contribute to protein structure. |
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Term
| What are the four components of an amino acid? |
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Definition
1. A hydrogen atom
2. An amino functional group
3. a carboxyl functional group
4. a distinctive R-group |
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Term
| What atoms are typically found on nonpolar amino acid sidechains? |
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Definition
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Term
| What atoms are typically found on polar amino acid sidechains? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are amino acids linked? What type of reaction permits this to take place? |
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Definition
| Peptide bonds; condensation reactions. |
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Term
| Describe primary structure of proteins? What is their monomer? How are they linked? |
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Definition
| The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide; amino acids; peptide bonds |
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Term
| Describe secondary structure of proteins. What is it stabilized by? |
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Definition
| Formation of alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets in a polypeptide; Hydrogen bonding between groups along the peptide-bonded backbone, so dependent on primary structure |
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Term
| Describe the tertiary structure of proteins. What is it stabilized by? |
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Definition
| Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide including contribution from secondary structures; Bonds and other interactinos between R-groups, or between R-groups and the peptide-bonded backbone; thus depends on primary structure. |
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Term
| Describe the quaternary structure of proteins. How is it stabilized? |
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Definition
| Shape produced by combinations of polypeptides, thus, combinations of tertiary structures; Bonds and other interactions between R-groups and between peptide backbones of different polypeptides; thus dependant on primary structure. |
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Term
| Which nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids are Purines? Which are pyrimidines? |
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Definition
Pyrimidines: C, U, T
Purines: A, G |
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Term
| What are the three components of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
1. Phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous base |
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