Term
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Definition
| A theory of development that emphasizes the importance of interactions between the developing child and the settings in which the child lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficiency disease that occurs when insufficient protein is ingested. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any gene found on the X chromosome, or traits determined by such genes; also refers to the specific mode of inheritance of such genes; one altered gene on an X chromosome in a male can produce disease, such as hemophilia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication displayed through play, visual images, and even clothing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of changing an individual's cognitive structures to include data from recent experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary process in which people adapt to or borrow traits from another culture. |
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Term
| acellular pertussis vaccine |
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Definition
| A vaccine that uses proteins from the microorganism rather than the whole cell to stimulate the process of active immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of antibody production without causing clinical disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden pain of short duration, associated with a tissue-damaging stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A patient's loss of control over the use of a substance with a compulsive use of the substance despite harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a patient or parent acts consistently with regard to recommended care. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal relationship between the child and parents who are not related by birth in which the adoptive parents assume all legal and financial responsibility for the child; all ties with the birth family are legally severed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A patient's living will or appointed durable power of attorney for healthcare decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acting to safeguard and advance the interests of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different forms of a gene or DNA occupying the same place on a pair of chromosomes; an allele for each gene is inherited from each parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity to light touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of nontraditional medicine used in place of conventional medicine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis or building up of body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reduction in the number of red blood cells to below normal levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a specially trained animal to provide comfort, companionship, and distraction during an illness; often used in hospitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of attributing lifelike qualities to nonliving things; common in thoughts of young children. |
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Term
| anthropometric measurement |
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Definition
| The growth assessment of various body parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins capable of responding to specific infectious agents; proteins capable of reacting to a specific antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for certain genetic disorders to display earlier onset and increased severity in successive generations of a family. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of understanding upcoming developmental needs and then teaching caretakers to meet those needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A foreign substance that triggers an immune system response. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Point of maximum intensity, where the left ventricle taps the anterior chest during systole. |
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Term
| appropriate for gestational age (AGA) |
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Definition
| An infant whose weight, length and head circumference falls between the tenth and ninetieth percentiles when plotted on a standard intrauterine growth/gestational age chart. An AGA newborn can be term, preterm, or postterm. For example, a baby born at 33 weeks gestation who weighs 1800 grams (four pounds) is preterm and AGA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voluntary agreement to participate in a research project or to accept treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopting and incorporating characteristics of a new culture within one's practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of abnormalities of unknown cause that occur together more often than is expected by chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of play that emerges in preschool years when children interact with one another, engaging in similar activities and participating in groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hereditary allergic tendency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong emotional bond between people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior of infant toward caregiver and caregiver toward infant that demonstrates an emotional connection; eye contact, sounds, and touches between a parent and newborn that build the core emotions a parent feels for a child, such as protectiveness and amazement. This initial process helps lay the foundation for attachment, which develops over time as the caregiver and infant build their relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hearing screening using air conduction that measures hearing for pure-tone frequencies and loudness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Listening to sounds produced by the airway, lungs, stomach, heart, and blood vessels to identify their characteristics; usually performed with the stethoscope to enhance the sounds heard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right for self-determination in decision making or to protect the informed choices of patients who are capable of decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single chromosome from any one of the 22 pairs of chromosomes not involved in sex determination (X or Y); humans have 22 pairs of autosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An obligation to act or make a decision to benefit the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preference for a certain set of ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of books related to topics and events the child is experiencing or will experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compulsion to consume large quantities of food in a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that one forms about one's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of body parts, including gestures and posture, used during communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A calculation (kilograms of weight/m2 of height) used to determine the proportion between a child's height and weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Burning of skin to create a scar, usually in a desired design (scarification). |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain that emerges as the pain medication wears off. |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in vocal resonance in the presence of a lung consolidation, in which there is increased intensity and clarity of sounds while the words remain indistinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeatedly aggressive behavior intended to cause physical or emotional harm that exists in a relationship with an imbalance of power. |
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Term
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Definition
| An edematous swelling and ecchymosis over the presenting part of the head due to birth trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macronutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are arranged in various configurations to form saccharides (sugar molecules). |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional investment in the child and family by the nurse or other healthcare providers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any individual who carries a single copy of an altered gene or mutation for a recessive condition on one chromosome of a chromosome pair and an unaltered form of that gene on the other chromosome; a carrier generally is not affected by the gene alteration; on the average, each person in the general population is a carrier of five or six gene mutations for recessive disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of coordinating the delivery of healthcare services in a manner that focuses on both quality and cost outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction or breaking down of body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of life, and the working unit of all living systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on only one particular aspect of a situation; common in thoughts of preschoolers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subperiosteal hemorrhage that results from birth trauma. |
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Term
| cephalocaudal development |
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Definition
| The process by which development proceeds from the head downward through the body and toward the feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction in which an organic compound, containing carbonyl (CO) and hydroxyl (OH) groups, coordinates with a metal to form a firmly bound ring-like structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trained professional who plans therapeutic activities for hospitalized children. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exploitation of a child for the sexual gratification of an adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| A steroid or sterol compound found only in animal cells that is essential to cell membranes; may be ingested from foods as well as manufactured in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent pain lasting longer than three months, generally associated with a prolonged disease process. |
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Term
| clinical pathways (critical pathways) |
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Definition
| Structured care plans for a specific patient problem that outline goals and essential steps in the management of a child by multiple healthcare professionals within a healthcare facility. |
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Term
| clinical practice guidelines |
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Definition
| Specific medical and nursing assessments and interventions that occur during specific time intervals for a specific condition; often adoption by an institution for all healthcare providers to follow so that quality of care is increased and costs of care are minimized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Widening of the nail bed with an increased angle between the proximal nail fold and nail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking in separate conversations even though each person waits for the other to speak; common in speech of preschoolers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A keyhole-shaped pupil caused by a notch in the iris. |
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Term
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Definition
| An illness that is transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of information, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of compiling data about a community's health status and resources for the purpose of program planning to address health needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ability to be involved in healthcare decisions requiring a certain degree of intellect, an ability to communicate, and an ability to remember. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nontraditional medicine that is used in combination with conventional medicine. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agreement between a patient and a provider that information discussed during the healthcare encounter will not be shared without the permission of the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vaccine in which an altered organism is joined with another substance to increase the immune response, such as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Related by having a common ancestor; close blood relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| The knowledge that matter is not changed when its form is altered. |
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Term
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Definition
| An interdisciplinary process of facilitating a patient's transition between and among settings based on changing needs and available resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ongoing relationship between the healthcare provider and family, providing a "seamless continuum of care" so that the client perceives no interruption of services as a variety of healthcare needs are provided. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of play that emerges in school years when children join into groups to achieve a goal or play a game. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of behavioral and cognitive strategies to manage or relieve perceived stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of weeks or months after a baby's birth, minus the number of weeks or months the baby was born prematurely. For example, a 12-week-old baby born at 32 weeks gestation (8 weeks before its due date) would have a corrected age of 4 weeks. A preterm infant is assessed according to his or her corrected age not age since birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crinkly sensation palpated on the chest surface caused by air escaping into the subcutaneous tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individualized, creative thinking or reasoning process that the nurse uses to solve problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A process that occurs during meiosis in which homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes break and exchange corresponding sections of DNA and then rejoin; this process can cause an exchange of alleles between chromosomes and provides human diversity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An action or behavior that indicates a baby's readiness for and reaction to stimulation, which indicates an important method of infant communication, for example, a baby making eye contact with the caregiver. Disengagement cues include looking away, arching, and crying. |
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Term
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Definition
| One who serves as a go-between or advocate for people from different cultural backgrounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the ability of the nurse to understand and effectively respond to the needs of patients and families from different cultural backgrounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| The totality of socially transmitted behavioral patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifestyles, and all other products of human work; characteristics of a population of people that guide their worldview and decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| The experience that a person has in attempting to understand or adapt to a culture that is fundamentally different from his or her own culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly respected shaman in the Hispanic and other Mexican-American cultures who uses white magic and herbs to bring about cures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating a break in the skin to result in a scar, usually in a desired design. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Socially aggressive and often anonymous targeting of a child or adolescent via Internet posting or other digital technology; the youth victim is threatened, tormented, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, or excluded from communication; personal information may be disclosed or fabricated; offensive messages may be sent, or harmful messages sent out under the target person's name. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of chromosomes and alterations to health caused by abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary set of 20 teeth that are complete by about 2 years and will be lost during childhood, beginning at about 6 years. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To translate the meaning of the message. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of chemicals and nerve agents from the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A controlled state of depressed consciousness or unconsciousness in which the child may experience partial or complete loss of protective reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique used by the ego to unconsciously change reality, thereby protecting the individual from excessive anxiety. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cavities, tooth decay, decalcification of enamel and dentin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specialized primary dental care provider who manages and facilitates all aspects of oral health care for infants and young children 6 months after the first tooth erupts or by 12 months of age and who provides preventive dental health care. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in capability or function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure to achieve anticipated developmental milestones during specific developmental stages. |
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Term
| developmental surveillance |
|
Definition
| A flexible, continuous process of skilled observations of children's fine and gross motor skills, language, and psychosocial behavior milestones during child health visits. |
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Term
| dietary reference intakes (DRIs) |
|
Definition
| A set of nutrient values that can be used to assess and plan intake for individuals of different ages. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Illness passed from one person or animal to another by contact with body fluids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Planning and coordinated response readiness by a community to meet the personal safety, healthcare, emotional, and environmental needs of children and their families in the event of a natural or manmade disaster. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monumental occurrences involving serious and massive events that impact many people and are beyond the community's ability to manage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A method for teaching the rules that govern behavior or conduct or the action taken to enforce the rules when the child misbehaves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monitoring patterns of disease occurrence from the cases of infectious and communicable diseases reported by healthcare workers to state health officials. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to focus attention on something other than pain, such as an activity, music, or a story. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Categories or foci of developmental progression, including fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, self-help skills, social skills, and reading. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pattern of violent and coercive behavior that includes physical, sexual, and psychological attacks, as well as economic coercion that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners to gain or maintain power and control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A characteristic or gene that is apparent even when the relevant gene is present in only one copy; a person with a dominant gene usually expresses that gene trait. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of play in which a child acts out the drama of daily life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disruption in the smooth transition between sounds, syllables, and words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of human congenital defects or abnormalities of body structure that begin before birth. |
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Term
| early childhood caries (ECC) |
|
Definition
| The presence of one or more decayed, lost, or filled tooth surfaces in primary teeth from birth to 71 months of age; frequently caused by drinking from a bottle or nursing for prolonged periods, especially when sleeping; previously referred to as nursing bottle mouth syndrom and baby bottle tooth decay. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An illustration of the family's relationships and interactions with the community, describing the family's social network. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The realistic part of the person, which develops during infancy and searches for acceptable methods of meeting impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inability to consider the perspective of another; seeing things only from one's own point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in vocal resonance in the presence of a lung consolidation condition in which the transmission of the "eee" sound becomes a nasal "ay" sound. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A method of delivering electrical stimulation to the skin, to compete with pain stimuli for transmission to the spinal cord; also known as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-supporting adolescents under 18 years of age not subject to parental control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Readiness to manage a healthcare emergency that involves planning, equipment and supplies for responses, and provider training and guidelines for action when an emergency occurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shaming, ridiculing, embarrassing, or insulting a child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A caretaker's inability to meet the psychosocial needs of a child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to perceive another individual's experience and to understand the perception of that individual's view of the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyrogens that are released in response to an invasive organism and travel through the circulatory system to the hypothalamus, where they trigger the production of prostaglandins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endogenous opioids produced by the brain in response to painful stimuli that help inhibit pain impulses in the spinal cord and the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nutrition introduced through the intestinal tract, including oral or tube feedings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes any factor that can affect gene function (usually by changing gene expression, or translation) without changing the DNA sequence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of a drug, whether administered orally or parenterally, needed to produce the same analgesic effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Products that enhance physical performance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A healer who communicates with spirits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid that cannot be manufactured by humans but must be ingested in the diet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The philosophic study of morality, and the analysis of moral problems and moral judgments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cultural group's sense of identification associated with the group's common social and cultural heritage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief that an individual's own culture is superior to all others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Integration of the best research evidence with an individual's clinical expertise and the patient's values or preferences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of unintelligible words with normal speech intonations as if truly communicating in words; common in toddlerhood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Language that is verbalized. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Words a young child can speak; usually less than the child is able to understand (receptive speech). |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organized system of shared beliefs regarding the significance of the nature, cause, and purpose of life and the universe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who are joined together by marriage, blood, adoption, or residence in the same household; a living social system, consisting of a small group of individuals who are closely interrelated and interdependent and who collaborate to attain family functions and goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A quick five-item questionnaire that may be used as an initial screening tool for family assessment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relationships and processes that support and protect families and family members during times of adversity and change. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A partnership between families, the nurse, and other health professionals in which the priorities and needs of the family are addressed when the family seeks health care; a dynamic, deliberate approach to building collaborative relationships between health professionals and families that are respectful of diversity and beliefs about the nature of the child's condition and ways to manage it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macronutrients also known as lipids; complex molecules of several types, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, arranged so that glycerol and fatty acids are the structural subcomponents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The major components of fats; may be referred to as saturated (no additional hydrogen atoms could be absorbed by the structure) or unsaturated (some additional bonds with hydrogen are possible). Unsaturated fatty acids are further designated as monounsaturated (only one potential bond with hydrogen possible) or polyunsaturated (two or more potential bonds). Trans fatty acids are formed when food manufacturers partially hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indigestible carbohydrate components that ensure healthy movement of fecal contents through the bowel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Members of a community who conduct healing in their home or home of the patient; specific to certain cultures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An IgE-mediated reaction that is potentially systemic, characteristically rapid in onset, and may be manifested as swelling of the lips, mouth, uvula, or glottis, generalized urticaria, and, in severe reactions, anaphylaxis." |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inability or uncertainty that an individual will be able to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal physiologic response to a food that is not IgE-mediated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Eating only a few foods for several days or weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Access at all times to enough nourishment for an active, healthy life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The provision of protection and shelter for a child in an approved living situation away from the family of origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reproductive cell (i.e., an ovum or sperm) each containing a single copy of each of the 23 chromosomes that make up the human genome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The modulation (change or inhibition) of pain perception due to the two-way control of nociceptive transmission within the spinal tracts that enable a competing nonpain impulse to be sent along the same pathways that pain transmission uses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that represents a fundamental unit of heredity; occupies a specific spot on a chromosome (gene locus). |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the protein product of a gene is visible (presence of a body structure or identifiable through biochemical tests such as insulin or phenylalanine levels). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any disease associated with gene dysfunction. While genetics diseases have traditionally been thought of as relatively rare inherited diseases, it is now known that nearly all diseases have a genetic component. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An illustration that incorporates information about significant life events and health and illness status of family members over at least three generations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The entire DNA sequence that makes up the complete genetic information of a gamete, an individual, a population, or a species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of all the genes in the human genome together, including their interactions with each other, the environment, and the influence of other psychosocial and cultural factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The genes and the variations therein that a person inherits from his or her parents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The blood glucose response to 50 grams of carbohydrate from any specific food, as compared to the glucose level after ingestion of white bread. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stored form of carbohydrate that can be returned to glucose for use when the body requires energy and food is not being ingested. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in physical size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another term for percentile range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sound produced by the rapid release of air at the end of expiration in a newborn or infant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An activity that is forced upon an individual, causes humiliation, and is required for membership in an organization or group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions. |
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|
Term
| health maintenance (health protection) |
|
Definition
| Activities that preserve an individual's present state of health and prevent disease or injury occurrence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activities that increase well-being, enhance wellness or health, and lead to actualization of positive health potential; strategies that seek to foster conditions to allow populations to be healthy and to make healthy choices. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Services that focus on disease and injury prevention (health maintenance), growth and developmental surveillance, and health promotion at key intervals during the child's life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lifting of the chest wall during contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunization of healthy children so that pathogens do not have hosts to reproduce and survive, enabling infants not yet fully immunized and children with medical contraindications to immunizations to be indirectly protected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonidentical copies of a particular gene (different alleles) on the paired chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belief that the forces of nature must be maintained in balance or harmony, and that human life is one aspect of nature that must be in harmony with the rest of nature. Illness results when the natural balance or harmony is disturbed; also called naturalistic health belief. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes that are members of the same pair and normally have the same number and arrangement of genes; usually one copy is from the mother and the other copy is from the father. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sexual attraction to people of the same sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Identical copies of a particular gene (same alleles) on both paired chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The total amount of the DNA (genes) in an individual's cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased response to a pain stimulus because of peripheral sensitization. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic sexual energy that is present at birth and drives the individual to seek pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who are foreign-born and migrate to the United States to live and work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual activity between close family members so that marriage between them would be legally or culturally prohibited. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The random distribution of different combinations of parental genes to gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The passage of an infectious disease involving survival of pathogens outside humans before they invade a new host. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Health assessment and intervention performed with a particular child. |
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Term
| individualized health plan (IHP) |
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Definition
| A formal mechanism to ensure that the child's health needs are managed in the school setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin area of extra firmness with a distinct border. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that regularly occur together: body activity, eye movements, facial movements, breathing pattern and level of response to external stimuli such as handling and internal stimuli such as hunger. Newborns demonstrate six states: quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, and crying. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illness caused by a microorganism that is commonly communicated from one host (human or otherwise) to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal preauthorization for an invasive procedure or participation in research. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Purposeful observation by carefully looking at the characteristics of the child's physical features and behaviors, including size, shape, color, movement, position, and location. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal alteration in which a gene or DNA sequence in a segment of a chromosome has been reversed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a small machine that generates electric current to transport anesthetic into the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal situation in which both parents have equal responsibility and legal rights for a child, regardless of where the child lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fairness in the use of resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement of chromosome pairs by number according to length, centromere position, and banding patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vaccine that contains a killed microorganism that is still capable of inducing the human body to produce antibodies to the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of one's body position and movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vegetarians that eat eggs and dairy products. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vegetarians that eat dairy products. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fine, soft hair covering the fetus during intrauterine development. |
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Term
| large for gestational age (LGA) |
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Definition
| A newborn whose weight (and possibly length and head circumference) falls above the ninetieth percentile when plotted on a standard intrauterine growth/gestational age chart. An LGA newborn is larger than expected for the amount of time spent in the uterus. An LGA baby can be preterm, term, or post-term. For example, a baby born at 36 weeks gestation that weighs 3630 grams (8 pounds) is preterm and LGA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children who come home to an empty house after school. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative permanent arrangement for the child, often with kin, in which the child retains legal connections with the birth family and relationships with the extended family, and the guardian assumes limited financial liability for the child's care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established rules or guidelines for behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combinations of fat and protein that transport fats in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vaccine that contains the microorganism in a live but attenuated, or weakened, form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The major building blocks of the body, including carbohydrates, protein, and fat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief of young children that events occur because of their thoughts or wishes. |
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Term
| magico-religious paradigm |
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Definition
| Health and illness are determined by supernatural forces such as God, gods, magic, spirits, or fate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a serious structural defect present at birth that may have severe medical or cosmetic consequences interfere with normal functioning of body systems, lead to a lifelong disability, or even cause early death. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A health delivery system that combines financing and delivery of specified healthcare services with the following elements in place: clinicians are contracted to provide services for a preset fee, clinicians are selected according to specific standards, formal programs of quality assurance and utilization review are in place, and members of the health program have incentives to use selected clinicians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A deficiency disease that occurs when insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adolescents of 14 and 15 years of age who are able to understand treatment risks and who, in some states, can consent to or refuse treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The treatment of an irreversibly dying patient that provides no physiologic benefit to the patient. |
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Term
| medical home/healthcare home |
|
Definition
| A continuous, comprehensive, family-centered, and compassionate source of health care. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The technical language associated with health care. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Children who need skilled nursing care with or without medical equipment to support vital functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell division that produces reproductive cells (egg or sperm); meiosis results in daughter cells, which contain half of the chromosome complement (23). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood test conducted on the newborn, usually taken by heelstick sample, to identify those newborns who require further diagnostic testing for an array of genetic diseases and metabolic disorders such as PKU. The department of health in each state regulates newborn metabolic screening, including which tests are included in the screen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A laboratory method in which labeled RNA from a specimen is added to a glass slide or other platform upon which DNA fragments are arranged. Useful for identifying and quantifying mRNA and indicating which genes are actively expressed in a tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small brain with a head circumference greater than 3 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Substances like vitamins and minerals that are needed in small quantities for healthy body functioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An unusual morphologic feature that is of no serious medical or cosmetic concern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell division that results in new (daughter) cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exhibiting appropriate behavior for someone else. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sedation level when the child maintains protective reflexes, retains the ability to independently and continuously maintain a patent airway, and retains the ability to make an appropriate response to physical stimuli or verbal command, formerly called conscious sedation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An overriding of the cranial bones to accommodate the head's passage through the vaginal canal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When one member of the chromosome pair is missing, for example, Turner syndrome (45, XO). |
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Term
|
Definition
| A conflict of social values and ethical principles that support different courses of action. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An illness or injury that limits activity, requites medical attention or hospitalization, or results in a chronic condition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromosome variation or abnormality that occurs after fertilization during mitosis at an early cell stage so not all cells are affected with the variation; for example, a child who is mosaic for Down syndrome will have some cells with two copies of chromosome 21 and some that have an extra chromosome 21. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Health conditions determined by multiple factors, including genetic and environmental factors, each having an additive effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Permanent changes in the fetus' genetic material. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Establishment of the myelin or fatty sheath on nerve fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Widening of the nares with breathing that is a sign of respiratory distress. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The genetic or hereditary capability of an individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One form of chronic pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In contrast to nightmares, the child having a night terror is not fully awake and may appear disoriented. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Frightening dreams that awaken a child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein balance. Positive nitrogen balance is when more nitrogen is taken into the body than excreted and occurs during periods of growth during childhood, when additional body tissues are being manufactured, and when the body is replenished after illness or surgery. Negative nitrogen balance indicates that the body excretes more nitrogen than it ingests and occurs when dietary intake is limited. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmission of pain impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Free nerve endings at the site of tissue damage with the capacity to identify painful stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An error in cell division where a pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate as expected, resulting in monosomy or trisomy in gametes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid that humans can manufacture when in good health. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
|
Definition
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used for the treatment of pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The use of body language, facial expressions, touch, and other forms of gestures to express thoughts and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of family management that involves acknowledging that the child has a chronic health problem but encouraging the family members to make an effort to lead normal lives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An infection acquired in a healthcare agency, not present at the time of entrance to the agency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The effects of environment on an individual's performance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taking in food and assimilating it metabolically for use by the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The knowledge that an object or person continues to exist when not seen, heard, or felt. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic narcotic drugs used for the treatment of pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rigid hyperextension of the entire body; hyperextension of the head and neck to relieve discomfort. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small cellular structure such as a ribosome or mitochondria that performs specific cellular functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What the person expects to get from performing a certain behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A highly personal and subjective unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain exists when the patient says it does. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The point at which the transmission of pain stimulus begins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Duration of time or intensity of pain a child will endure before demonstrating pain responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The technique of touch to identify characteristics of the skin, internal organs, and masses, including texture, moistness, tenderness, temperature, position, shape, consistency, mobility of masses, and organs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The emergency and worldwide spread of an influenza or other viral or bacterial pathogen that causes significantly increased morbidity and mortality. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tone and pitch of the voice; speed, pace, volume, and inflection of the conversation, as well as other vocalizations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of play that emerges in toddlerhood when children play side by side but demonstrate little or no social interaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nutrition introduced outside of the intestinal tract, usually by the intravenous route. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leadership role in the family in which children are guided in learning acceptable behaviors, beliefs, morals, and rituals of the family and become socially responsible, contributing members of society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relationship in which participants join together to ensure healthcare delivery in a way that recognizes the critical role and contribution of each partner in promoting health, preventing illness, and managing healthcare conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunity produced through introduction of specific antibodies to the disease, which are usually obtained from the blood or serum of immune persons and animals; does not confer lasting immunity. |
|
|
Term
| patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) |
|
Definition
| A method for administering an intravenous analgesic, such as morphine, using a computerized pump that the patient controls. |
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|
Term
| pediatric healthcare home (medial home) |
|
Definition
| Site of comprehensive health care by a pediatric healthcare professional. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pictorial family history diagram that traces genetic characteristics and disorders in a family. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The percentage or likelihood that an individual who has inherited a gene mutation will actually express the disease signs and symptoms in his or her lifetime. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Striking the surface of the body, either directly or indirectly, to set up vibrations that reveal the density of underlying tissues and borders of internal organs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The engulfment and destruction of microorganisms, dead cells, and foreign particles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of how an individual's genotype affects his or her response to medications. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The expression of a person's entire physical, biochemical, and physiologic makeup, as determined by the individual's genotype and environmental factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The deliberate maltreatment of another individual that inflicts pain or injury and may result in temporary or permanent disfigurement or even death. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The physiologic adaptation to an analgesic or sedative drug at the peripheral and central neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The deliberate withholding of or failure to provide the necessary and available resources to a child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in appetite manifested when the extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow down to keep pace with the more moderate growth rate of toddlerhood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by ingestion of nonfood items or food items consumed in abnormal quantities or forms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequences that occur in more than one form but provide the genetic "directions" for the same thing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The collection of individuals that make up a community. |
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Term
| population-based approach |
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Definition
| Health assessment and intervention performed with a group of children. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taking place after giving birth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mild and self-limited depression, thought to be caused by hormonal shifts in the mother during the postpartum period, evidenced by predominantly positive moods marked by labile and intense episodes of tearfulness, irritability, sadness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A serious form of depression requiring medical intervention, usually starting within two to three months postpartum; marked by symptoms of depression lasting longer than two weeks, such as consistently depressed mood, poor concentration or indecisiveness, recurrent thoughts of death, fatigue or loss of energy, significant decrease or increase in appetite, and insomnia or hypersomnia. |
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|
Term
| postpartum mood disorder (PPMD) |
|
Definition
| A group of disorders affecting women in the postpartum period, including postpartum blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A psychiatric emergency in the postpartum period, usually presenting within two to four weeks postpartum but can start as early as two to three days after delivery. Signs include restlessness, irritability, and a rapidly evolving or shifting depressed or elated mood with increasingly disorganized, confused, or disoriented behavior. Hallucinations or delusions, frequently focused on the baby, are present and can present life-threatening scenarios. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Born after 42 weeks' gestation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A negative feeling about someone who is perceived as being different. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Healthcare supervision during pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Born prior to 37 weeks' gestation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of healthcare services that include health promotion, health maintenance, episodic acute care, and health maintenance care for children with chronic conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activities that decrease opportunity for illness or injury. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability of an individual to relate information in a protected manner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The family member around whom a family history is collected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Live and beneficial microorganisms that promote normal gut flora. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extreme exhaustion, unable to make any effort. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characteristics of a child and family that provide strength and assistance in dealing with a crisis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A molecule composed of amino acids linked together in a particular order specified by a gene's DNA sequence; proteins perform a wide variety of functions in the cell, including serving as enzymes, structural components, or signaling molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the interactions of expressed proteins in a cell. |
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|
Term
| proximodistal development |
|
Definition
| The process by which development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drooping of the eyelid over the pupil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period of life when the ability to reproduce sexually begins, characterized by maturation of the genital organs, development of the secondary sex characteristics, and the onset of menstruation in females. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The action taken to enforce the rules when the child misbehaves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The continuous study and improvement of the processes and outcomes of providing healthcare services to meet the needs of patients by examining the system and processes of care and service delivery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of people who share biological similarities such as skin color, bone structure, and genetic traits. |
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|
Term
| radioallergosorbent test (RAST) |
|
Definition
| A technique in which radioimmunoassay is used to measure the presence of IgE antibodies to certain antigens in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The words a young child is able to understand; usually greater than the number of words spoken (expressive speech). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to understand words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A characteristic that is apparent only when two copies of the gene encoding it are present, one from the mother and one from the father. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vaccine in which an organism has been genetically altered. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person who is unable or unwilling to return to their country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Assisting a child with physical or mental challenges to reach his or her fullest potential through therapy and education that considers the physiologic, psychologic, and environmental strengths and limitations of the child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the same score is obtained when an instrument or scale is used either by different persons or by the same person at different times. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organized system of shared beliefs regarding the significance of the nature, cause, and purpose of life and of the universe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to function with healthy responses, even during significant stress and adversity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A family support service that provides periodic breaks from the constant stress of caring for the child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visible depression between the bones and cartilage of the chest during each inspiration when accessory muscles are used in the case of respiratory distress. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characteristics of a child or family that promote or contribute to health system challenges. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A process established by a healthcare institution to identify, evaluate, and reduce the risk of injury to patients, staff, and visitors, and thereby reduce the institution's liability. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Practice in which parents stay in the child's hospital room and care for the child. |
|
|
Term
| scientific or biomedical health paradigm |
|
Definition
| The belief that life and life processes are controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated by humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure used to detect the possible presence of a health condition before symptoms are apparent, usually conducted on large groups of individuals at risk for a condition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Early diagnosis and treatment of a condition to lessen its severity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A medically controlled state of depressed consciousness (light to deep) used for painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and analgesia. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluations of the self in certain specific areas, such as those related to academic achievement, athletic ability, physical appearance, and social interactions. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's belief that he or she can change behavior to produce a desired outcome. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The feelings and beliefs of children about their competence and worth as individuals, ability to meet challenges, and to learn lessons from success and failure. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The infant's ability to maintain state and self-console, for example by sucking his fingers to stay calm instead of crying. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a test to accurately identify those with a condition being tested; a high-sensitivity test is able to detect the condition when only a small amount of the indicator is present or early in the disease process. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increased reaction to pain over time, or a reduced threshold for reaction to painful stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inconsolable crying and other signs of distress in an infant when parents are not present, commonly beginning in the second half of the first year of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the chromosomes (X or Y) involved in sex determination. Normal human females have two X chromosomes in each cell, while normal males have one X and one Y. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An average of the breast and pubic hair Tanner stages in females and of the genital and pubic hair Tanner stages in boys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's view of self as a sexual being. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A man or woman who enters an altered state of consciousness, at will, to contact and utilize another type of reality to acquire knowledge and power and to help other people. |
|
|
Term
| single nucleotide polymorphism |
|
Definition
| A variation in DNA sequence in which a single nucleotide base (A, T, C, or G) is substituted for another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors that foster a regular and sufficient sleep pattern, as well as daytime alertness. |
|
|
Term
| small for gestational age (SGA) |
|
Definition
| A newborn whose weight (and possibly length and head circumference) falls below the tenth percentile when plotted on a standard intrauterine growth/gestational age chart. An SGA newborn is a small size for the amount of time spent in the uterus. An SGA baby can be preterm, term, or postterm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals that use massage and manipulation to treat patients with joint and muscle problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Playing alone, with one's self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a test to exclude those who do not have the condition being tested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in a connection with a greater power that guides a person to strive for inspiration, respect, meaning, and purpose in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to develop a spiritual nature, including awareness of a life purpose and fulfillment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The individual's experience and interpretation of his or her relationship with a Supreme Being. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Height-measuring device attached to the wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All residents, policy makers, health providers, and funders concerned with the outcome of the assessment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The assumption that all members of a culture, ethnic, or racial group are alike and share the same attitudes and beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal turning of the eye, usually inward or outward, due to a weak eye muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wariness of strange people and places, often shown by infants between six and 18 months of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal, high-pitched musical respiratory sound caused when air moves through a narrowed larynx or trachea. |
|
|
Term
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
|
Definition
| The sudden unexpected and unexplained death of an infant less than one year of age, occurring during sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A moral and ethical system that develops in childhood and contains a set of values and conscience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extra small, undeveloped nipples and areola found along the mammary line between the neck and pubic area that may be mistaken for moles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuous process in which skilled observations are carried out in collaboration with families, specialists, child care providers, and other professionals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the edges of the bones in the skull that are not yet fused. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of anomalies that occur in a consistent pattern and have a common cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An elevated respiratory rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vibrations that can be palpated on the chest when the child cries or talks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique characteristic style of activity, mood, and reaction of an infant, made up of genetically derived characteristics that evolve and develop over time and often underlie interaction and behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal development of the fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Born between 37 completed weeks and 42 weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activities designed to rehabilitate or restore optimum function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Planned play techniques that provide an opportunity for children to deal with fears and concerns related to illness or hospitalization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using recreational therapy interventions to improve functioning of individuals with illness or disabling conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An altered state of response to an opioid or other pain agent in which increasing amounts of the drug are needed to produce or maintain the same level of pain relief or sedation effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lethargy, poor perfusion, hypoventilation or hyperventilation, and cyanosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural or synthetic chemicals not metabolically produced by an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damaging or poisonous chemicals produced by metabolism or an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A toxin that has been treated (by heat or chemical) to weaken its toxic effects but retain its antigenicity. |
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| Connecting two events in a cause-effect relationship simply because they occur together in time; common in thoughts of preschoolers. |
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| The joining of a part of or a whole chromosome to another separate chromosome. |
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| passive immunity that is transferred from mother to infant. |
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| A special room utilized for the pediatric population for procedures such as intravenous starts, lumbar punctures, and blood drawing. The treatment room is utilized rather than the child's own hospital room so that the child always has a "safe" environment and comfort zone by knowing that no unpleasant or painful procedures will occur in his or her room. |
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| Rapid assessment to sort injured children by the urgency of their condition. |
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| The major fats consumed by humans, consisting of three fatty acids connected to a glycerol base. |
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| Having three chromosomes instead of the usual two as in trisomy 21 or Down syndrome. |
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| A test to estimate the pressure in the middle ear and an indirect measure of tympanic membrane movement. |
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Definition
| A test's ability to measure the characteristics it is established to measure. |
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Definition
| Insects or animals that transmit infectious organisms by their biting humans. |
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| Strict vegetarian who eats no animal products. |
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| Individual who eats no poultry, meat, or fish. |
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| The use of language, spoken or written or vocalizations, such as laughter or crying to convey messages. |
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| Threatened or actual use of physical force that leads to potential or actual physical or emotional trauma. |
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| The process of a baby giving up breastfeeding or a bottle to drink from a cup. |
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| A noise resulting from the passage of air through mucus or fluids in a narrowed lower airway; is associated with asthma. |
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Definition
| Change in vocal resonance when syllables are heard distinctly as a whisper. |
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| The most common type of gene; designated as normal. |
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| A walking or driving tour around a neighborhood or community for the purpose of identifying resources and characteristics of the community. |
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Definition
| The physical signs and symptoms that occur when a sedative or pain drug is stopped suddenly in a patient who is physically tolerant. |
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Definition
| Infectious disease transmitted to humans from an insect or animal host. |
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Box 1-3
Children and Family Health Care Quality and Outcome Guidelines |
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Definition
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Box 1-6
Preventive Health Services Covered Under Medicaid's Early Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Service |
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Definition
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Box 1-10
Strategies to Reduce Pediatric Medication Error |
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Definition
- Do no rely on memory; verify medication dosages and their calculations
- Ever prescription should include the child's weight age, as well as the calculated dose and mg/kg dose. The dosage form (vial, tablet, or ampule) should not be used on the prescription, as medication preparations and concentrations may vary by pharmaceutical company.
- Handwritten prescription information should be written in legible printed letters to prevent confusion with other drugs having similar names
- Abbreviations for medications and frequency of administration should not be used
- The administration rate for all intravenous (IV) medications should be specified
- A zero should not be used after a whole number (e.g., 5.0 could be misread as 50 which can potentially result in a 10-fold dosage increase)
- A computerized physician order system with clinical decision support can reduce errors from poor handwriting and check for potential drug interactions and allergies
- Bar coding for medications and timers and alarms should be used to remind nurses to administer medications
- Unit dose dispensing systems should be used. |
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Term
The Family at the Center (Table 2-1)
Incorporate into policy and practice the recognition that the family is the constant in a child's life, while the service systems and support personnel within those systems fluctuate, and that the illness or injury of a child affects all members of the family system. |
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Definition
- establish a therapeutic relationship with the family
- perform a comprehensive family assessment in collaboration with the family, identifying both strengths and needs.
- use the family assessment when working with the family to plan, implement, and evaluate care, considering the impact of the child's illness or injury on the entire family, with special attention to the siblings
- provide siblings with information about their sibling's illness/injury at an appropriate developmental level and answer questions honestly.
- promote sibling visitation in hospital settings and participation in home care activities
- identify extended family members who should receive information and be included in the educational process |
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Term
Family-Professional Collaboration (Table 2-1)
Facilitate family-professional collaboration at all levels of hospital, home, and community care for:
- Care of an individual child
- Program development, implementation, evaluation, and evolution
- Policy formation |
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Definition
- Develop provider-family relationships that are guided by goals and expectations of both thte family and the provider
- Ensure that parents are integral and critical collaborators in the deciison-making process about their child's care. Involve children and adolescents in the decision-making process as appropriate for their cognitive and emotional development
- assure parents 24-hour access to their children, and facilitate their participation in the child's care.
- provide parents with the option to stay with their children during procedures and tests, and provide ways for the parent to support the child during the procedure.
- provide comfort and hygiene facilities for families who spend long hours at the facility or travel great distances
- Promote the development of expertise in the special care of the child, fostering family independence and empowerment
- Incorporate parents and children in to the quality assessment/improvement process
- integrate family members into institutional and community advisory groups and in policy development |
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Term
Family-Professional Communication (Table 2-1)
- Exchange complete and unbiased information between families and professionals in a supportive manner at all times |
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Definition
- Provide information about the child's problem, prognosis, and needs in a manner that respects the child and family as individuals and promotes two-way dialogue
- Encourage the family to share information about the child and the illness/injury so that care planning and decisions are made in the most informed and collaborative manner. |
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Term
Cultural Diversity of Families (Table 2-1)
- Incorporate into policy and practice the recognition and honoring of cultural diversity, strengths, and individuality within and across all families, including ethnic, racial, spiritual, social, economic, educational, and geographic diversity |
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Definition
- practice family-cetnered care in a culturally competent manner with respect and sensitivity for the wide range of families with diverse values and beliefs
- seek to understand the family's beliefs and practices related to race, culture, ethnicity when developing relationships and collagborating in the child's care, as the family desires
- work with the family to address issues in care related to socioeconomic status, geographic considerations, access to health care, and insurance status
- integrate training programs on diversity, cultural understanding, and culturally competent care into staff development programs |
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Term
Coping Differences and Support (Table 2-1)
- Recognize and respect different methods of coping, and implement comprehensive policies and programs that provide families with the developmental, educational, emotional, spirutal, environmental, and financial supports needed to meet their diverse needs. |
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Definition
- assess the strengths and weaknesses of the family's coping strategies and their resiliency factors and characteristics. Identify maladaptive coping mechanisms and assist the family to augment their coping efforts
- Assess the family's needs and desires for support, and assist the family in accessing and accepting assistance from support networks as needed or desired |
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Term
Family-Centered Peer Support (Table 2-1)
- Encourage and facilitate family-to-family support and networking |
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Definition
- educate parents about parent-to-parent and family support resources and assist them to access such resources in the institution and community
- Provide access to psychoeducational groups that might be useful to parents, siblings, or ill/injured children |
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Term
Specialized Service and Support Systems (Table 2-1)
- Ensure that hospital, home, and community service and support systems for children needing specialized health and developmental care and their families are flexible, accessible, and comprehensive in responding to diverse family-identified needs. |
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Definition
- provide collaborative, flexible, accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated services to children and their families
- provide comprehensive case management/care coordination for children and families with ongoing care needs
- along with families, take an active role in advocating for the needs of ill and injured children |
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Term
Holistic Perspective of Family-Centered Care (Table 2-1)
- Appreciate families as families and children as children, recognizing that they possess a wider range of strengths, concerns, emotions, and aspirations beyond their need for specialized health and developmental services and support |
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Definition
- Encourage attention to the normal developmental needs and developmental tasks of the entire family unit and individual family members
- encourage and facilitate the development of individual and family identities beyond a focus on illness or injury
- Facilitate "normalization" as valued and desired by the family |
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Term
| Understanding of and Responses to Adoption by Children at Various Ages (Box 2-5) |
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Definition
- Children under 3 years of age do not recognize a difference between being adopted into a family versus being a biological child in the family
- Starting at about 3 years of age children like to hear more about their adoption story and they begin to ask what adoption means. Children adopted at this age may experience the separation from their other family and relatives. They are aware of physical differences between themselves and the adoptive family when they are of a different race or ethnic group. They may also be fearful of abandonment by the adoptive family
- by 5 years of age adopted children begin to recognize they are different from most of their peers who were not adopted. Some children develop a feeling of responsibility for their biological parent's decision not to keep them.
- School-age children may fantasize about their biological family and what their life might have been like if they were not adopted. Their self-esteem may be affected as they think there was a flaw in them that led to their biological parents to give them up for adoption.
- Adolescents may continue to fantasize about the "ideal" biological family and try out identities similar to what they know or imagine about their biological parents. They may also become angry that their own life experience is different from societal norms. They may choose to seek information about their biological family through a reunion registry. |
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Term
| Specific Facts and Health Information to Include in a Pedigree (Box 4-13) |
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Definition
- Age/birth date or year of birth
- Age of death (year, if known)
- Cause of death
- Age at diagnosis
- Full siblings versus half or stepsiblings
- Pregnancy with gestational age (LMP) or estimated date of delivery (EDD)
- Infertility versus no children by choice
- Pregnancy complications with gestational ages noted (e.g., 6wk, 32 wk)
- Miscarriage, spontaneous abortion (SAB)
- Stillbirth (SB)
- Termination of pregnancy (TOP)
- Relevant health information (including medical conditions)
- Affected/unaffected status - define shading of symbols in a legend key
- Ethnic background
- Consanguinity
- Date pedigree taken or updated
- Name of person who took pedigree and credentials
- Key or legend (symbols or acronyms used on the chart) |
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