Term
| What is the smallest element of cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of water to stick to tissues is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two or more different elements bonded together is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Projections on cell membrane that increase surface area is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atom that has a charge is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an atom that has satisfied the octet rule and can't react is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for being incompatible with water is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a metabolic term for breaking down large molecules is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Openings in the matrix of a hard/supportive connective tissue is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a general formula (CH2oO)n? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms structures like collagen, elastin and keratin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What includes large polymers that contain genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are transported and stored in the form of triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What monomers include monosaccharide's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What monomers include nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What includes saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polymers include starch and glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which subatomic particles have an amu 1 and a positive charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which subatomic particles have a negative charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms of one element that vary in number of neutrons are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the greatest number of electrons that can occupy the first shell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atomic number refers to the number of which particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many electron are in the valence shell if the atomic number is 17? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valence electrons are shared unequally between 2 atoms is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valence electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The positively charged end of one molecule is weakly attracted to the negatively charged end of another molecule is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two amino acids are joined to form a protein dimer, and the bond is specific to this type of macromolecule is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a valence electron is completely transferred to another atom is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of solute from a high to low concentration across a lipid bilayer is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process by which a salt separates into two ions is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell imports large particles into itself by forming a vesicle around them is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is used to break down large polymers into monomers is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of active transport in which ions are moved from low to high concentration is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutes cross the plasma membrane through protein channels, using no energy is called what: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shedding of epidermal cells form the surface of the skin is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecule that forms the selectively permeable bilayer is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules projecting off surface involved in cell recognition is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small molecules that stabilize the bilayer is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large embedded molecules that form passive transport channels is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: RNA carries the genetic code from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: proteins for export are assembled by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: a three dimensional protein made of three polypeptide chains exhibits a quaternary structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: an example of a protein secreted and exported by a cell is a microtubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins embedded in membranes can function as enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the nucleus contains the DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the Golgi complex processes, sorts, and packages cell products into vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps detoxify drugs such as alcohol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: microvilli beat in waves to move particles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: mitochondria produce ATP for the cell during cellular respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: large quantities of materials are released from the cell through endocytosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the cytoskeleton is a membranous organelle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: lysosomes are sacs of hydrolytic enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: transcription of DNA code onto RNA occurs in the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: ribosomes help to assemble polypeptide chains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: some cells can move within tissues to other locations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in the rib cage and articular surfaces is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serves as packing between organs and layers, supports immune system cells is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in respiratory tract; traps and sweeps particles with mucus and cilia is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Receives and transmits electrical signals throughout the body is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides protection and waterproofing in epidermis is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized |
|
|
Term
| Facilitates absorption of nutrients in intestines due to presence of microvilli is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Contracts, enabling movement of organs and bones is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tough bands of collagen forming tendons is what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the stratum spinosum contains mostly keratin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the stratum basale has multiple cell types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: hair follicles are derived entirely from connective tissue in the dermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the hypodermis contains mostly adipose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is true of the dermis?
a. it is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
b. it is avascular
c. it contains glands
d. it is primarily fat tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of gland secretes thick oily sebum into hair follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is not a function of the integument?
a. thermoregulation
b. movement of skeleton
c. protection and defense
d. excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of thick and thin filaments in muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of contraction of muscle fiber from Z disc to Z disc. |
|
|
Term
| Define epiphyseal growth plate: |
|
Definition
| active cartilage separating epiphysis from diaphysis where bone grows in length until mature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multilayered lipid sheath surrounding axon, increases conduction speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of too little calcium in blood, stimulating release of parathyroid hormone. |
|
|
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: Bones formed through endochondral ossification begin as cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: flat bones of the skull develop through endochondral ossification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: As the bone matures, the marrow (medullary) cavity becomes carved out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of the schwann cell? |
|
Definition
| in the PNS, creates myelin sheath around axons |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of the osteoblast. |
|
Definition
| bones, secretes organic matrix and promotes mineralization |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function for osteoclasts. |
|
Definition
| bone (marrow cavity), carves away matrix |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of an oligodendrocyte. |
|
Definition
| central nervous system, myelinates axons |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of microglial cells. |
|
Definition
| central nervous system, destroys pathogens and debris |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of astrocytes. |
|
Definition
| central nervous system, filters blood to create blood-brain barrier. |
|
|
Term
| Name the location and function of osteocytes. |
|
Definition
| in bone, trapped in lacunae, maintains matrix |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of the sarcolemma in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| membrane of muscle fiber that receives neurotransmitter and depolarizes |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of calcium in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| enters terminal axon to stimulate movement of vesicles of neurotransmitter; binds to troponin on thin filament to initiate sliding filament events |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of the tropomyosin in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| covers binding sites on actin until troponin shifts it |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of the myosin head in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| part of thick filament, binds to active sites on actin and flexes |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of ATP in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| energy currency used by muscle in contraction |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the role of the neurotransmitter in excitation-coupling and contraction. |
|
Definition
| released by neuron, crosses synaptic cleft, binds to sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is meant by resting membrane potential of a neuron. |
|
Definition
| internal environment of -70mV due to distribution of sodium, potassium and large negatively-charged proteins; maintained by Na+/K+ pump |
|
|
Term
| What is depolarization? Which ion is moving across the membrane, and in which direction? |
|
Definition
| reduction of charge differential across the cell membrane; Na+ enters bringing positive charges inside cell, raising charge close to outside of cell; K+ then leaves and inside becomes more negative again |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| acts as trigger zone at base of axon; has large concentration of Na+ gates that are voltage-regulated; initiate all or none action potential. |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish chemical-regulated and voltage-regulated protein gates. |
|
Definition
| chemical respond to neurotransmitters, voltage to electrical currents. |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish graded potentials and action potentials. |
|
Definition
| Graded occur locally in the dendrite or cell boy, they can weaken with distance, and they can stop or reverse. Action potentials are initiated at the axon hillock and are all-or-none, they do not weaken or reverse. |
|
|
Term
| What division of the nervous system sends directions from CNS to Skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the nervous system sends directions from CNS to glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the nervous system sends information from intestines to CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the nervous system sends information from skin to CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the organic matrix of bone contain? |
|
Definition
| contains mostly collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of calcium inside a contracting muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes on neurons that receive stimuli and carry impulses to the cell body/soma are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hormone that decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In muscle tissue, the A band is composed of: |
|
Definition
| the whole thick filament plus ends of thin filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Acetycholine (ACh): |
|
Definition
| chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contractile protein of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve fiber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron process that carries impulses away from the never cell body; efferent process; the conduction portion of a nerve cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone released by the thyroid. lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely small tubular passage or channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized muscle of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized muscle of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Define Central (haversian) canal: |
|
Definition
| the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Define central nervous system: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
| plasma-like fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally; protects the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle cell's ability to move by shortening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching neuron process that serves as a receptive, or input, region; transmits an electrical signal toward the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated shaft of a long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ, gland or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| Define Endochondral ossification: |
|
Definition
| embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the end of a long bone, attached to the shaft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cell formation; hemopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supply of nerves to a body part |
|
|
Term
| Define interneuron (association neuron) |
|
Definition
| nerve cell located between motor and sensory neurons that shuttles signals through CNS pathways where integration |
|
|
Term
| Define Involuntary muscle: |
|
Definition
| muscle that cannot ordinarily be controlled volume voluntarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small space, cavity or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central cavity of a long bone, contains yellow or red marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise |
|
|
Term
| Define motor(efferent) nerves: |
|
Definition
| nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates |
|
|
Term
| Define multinucleate cell: |
|
Definition
| cell with more than one nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Define multiple sclerosis: |
|
Definition
| demyelinating disorder of the CNS; causes hardened patches (sclerosis) in the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encapsulated receptor found in skeletal muscle that is sensitive to stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty insulating sheath that surrounds all but the smallest nerve fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rod-like bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filament that constitutes myofibrils. actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-excitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect and insulate the neurons; glial cells |
|
|
Term
| Define Neuromuscular junction: |
|
Definition
| region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| Define neuron (nerve cell): |
|
Definition
| cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biosynthetic center of a neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messenger released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to carbon-containing molecules, such as proteins, fats and carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone, unit of bone |
|
|
Term
| Define parathyroid hormone: |
|
Definition
| hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that bundles muscle fibers into fasicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone |
|
|
Term
| Define peripheral nervous system: |
|
Definition
| portion of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive, wave-like contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of the membrane potential to the initial resting polarized state |
|
|
Term
| Define resting membrane potential: |
|
Definition
| the voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell, ranges from -90mV to -20mV depending on cell type. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Define salutatory conduction: |
|
Definition
| transmission of an action potential along a myelinated fiber in which the nerve impulse appears to leap from gap to gap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the non-fibrillar cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| Define sarcoplasmic reticulum: |
|
Definition
| specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional junction or point of close contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled space at a synpase |
|
|
Term
| Define synaptic vesicles: |
|
Definition
| small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension of the muscle cell plasma membrane(sarcolemma) that protrudes into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior of an organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle under strict nervous control, skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: 11. Epiphyseal plate continues to produce new cartilage until bone matures, enabling growth in length. Growth in width occurs at inner layer of periosteum, while osteoclasts resorb bone in marrow cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of bone composition is organic and inorganic? |
|
Definition
organic: 35%
inorganic: 65% |
|
|
Term
| When does ossification start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the thyroid influence bone growth? |
|
Definition
| it secretes a growth hormone that stimulates epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
| How does the body respond to hypocalcemia: |
|
Definition
| low blood calcium levels, parathyroid gland release parathyroid hormone that stimulates osteoclasts who break down bone to release calcium into the blood |
|
|
Term
| How does the body respond to hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| high blood Ca levels, thyroid gland releases calcitonin that stimulates osteoblast who take calcium out of the blood and form bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of muscles? |
|
Definition
| move bones, organs or fluids, maintain posture/position, stabilize joints, produce heat. |
|
|
Term
| What are the events of excitation? |
|
Definition
electrical current reaches knob, knob becomes permeable to calcium; knob contains vesicles w/neurotransmitter
-> AcH (acetylcholine); calcium stimulates exocytosis of AcH at synaptic cleft; AcH goes to receptors on sarcolemma which stimulates the receptor, opening ion gates in sarcolemma which allows for Na to enter and K to exit |
|
|
Term
| Define autonomic nervous system: |
|
Definition
| efferent division of peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands; also called the involuntary or visceral motor system |
|
|
Term
| Define somatic nervous system: |
|
Definition
| division of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; also called the voluntary nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Define sympathetic division: |
|
Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor, the fight or flight division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the somatomotortract: |
|
Definition
| paths of the somatic motor neurons running in whit matter from motor cortex in frontal lobe to effector; descending, 2 neurons in sequence |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe homunculus: |
|
Definition
| picture of a little man with certain parts overly proportioned to depict areas of richest sensation or finest motor control on the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe an endocrine gland: |
|
Definition
| a gland that secretes hormones into the blood to control other tissues |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe a sympathetic chain: |
|
Definition
| a chain of linked autonomic ganglia that distributes sympathetic neurons all over the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| visual attention and sound location |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the frontal lobe cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| primary somatomotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the occipital lobe cerebrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the temporal lobe cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| main hearing center. learning and memory |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| controls pituitary, regulates metabolism and appetite |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the medulla? |
|
Definition
| controls basic vital functions, contains tracts |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| coordinates muscles and balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the function thalamus? |
|
Definition
| gateway to cortex, directs tracts |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pons? |
|
Definition
| regulates breathing rhythm, origin of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: the branch of a spinal nerve that innervates the central back is a ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: Large veins that drain the brain of blood are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: the division of the brain containing the pons and cerebellum is ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: a fluid-filled cavity in the brain is a ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: a protein or steroid by endocrine glands into the blood is a ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the bending of light rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior tough part of fibrous layer is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle that changes the shape of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is photoreceptive cell of the retina receiving color information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior subdivision of the primary forebrain that develops into olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex and basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| the part of the forebrain between the cerbral hemispheres and the midbrain including the thalamus, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| one of the three primary vesicles of the developing brain; becomes the midbrain |
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| a secondary brain vesicle; anterior portion of the rhombencephalon of the developing brain; becomes the pons and the cerebellum |
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| a secondary brain vesicle; lower part of the developing hindbrain, especially the medulla oblongata |
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| collectively the midbrain, pons and medulla of the brain |
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Definition
| the outer gray matter region of the cerebral hemispheres |
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| just below the frontal bone |
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| just below the parietal bone |
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Definition
| just below the occipital bone |
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Definition
| just below the temporal bone |
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Definition
| region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the pons |
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Definition
| a mass of gray matter in the diencephalon of the brain |
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Definition
| region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain |
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Definition
| most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms the roof of the third ventricle with the pineal gland extending from its posterior border |
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| Define medulla oblongata: |
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Definition
| inferior-most part of the brain stem |
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Definition
| the part of the brain stem connecting the medulla with the midbrain, providing linkage between upper and lower levels of the central nervous system |
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Definition
| brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity |
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Definition
| a capillary knot that protrudes in to brain ventricle produces cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
| Define cerebral spinal fluid: |
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Definition
| plasma-like fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally, protects the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| an outward fold of the surface of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| a furrow on the brain, less deep than a fissure |
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| the deepest depressions or inward folds on the brain |
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Definition
| a collection of axons in the central nervous system having the same origin, termination and function |
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Definition
| the 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain |
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Definition
| gray area of the central nervous system, contains neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites |
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| white substance of the central nervous system; myelinated nerve fibers |
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Definition
| the 31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord |
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Definition
| interlacing nerve networks that occur in the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral regions and primarily serve the limbs |
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| Define autonomic (visceral) reflexes: |
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Definition
| reflexes that activate smooth or cardiac muscle and/or glands |
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Definition
| reflexes that activate skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Define preganglionic neurons: |
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Definition
| autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in the central nervous system and projects its axon to a peripheral ganglion |
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| Define post-ganglionic neuron: |
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Definition
| autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its axon to an effector |
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Definition
| specialized receptor cells that respond to light energy (rods and cones) |
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Definition
| the bending of a light ray when it meets a different surface at an oblique rather than a right angle |
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Definition
| the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of the eye |
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Term
| How is the eye protected? |
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Definition
| by a bony orbit, fat, extrinsic eye muscles, the lacrimal apparatus, the eyebrows and the eyelids |
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Term
| What are the 3 tunics of the eye? |
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Definition
| fibrous, vascular and sensory |
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Term
| What is found in the fibrous tunic of the eye? |
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Definition
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| What is found in the vascular tunic of the eye? |
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Definition
| choroid, ciliary body and iris |
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Term
| What is found in the sensory tunic of they eye? |
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Definition
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| What type of muscles does the iris have? |
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Definition
| sphincter (parasympathetic) and dilator muscles(sympathetic) |
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Term
| What does glaucoma result from? |
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Definition
| blocked drainage of the aqueous humor |
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Term
| What type of photoreceptive cells do what? |
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Definition
rods= nightvision and contain rhodopsin
cones= color vision |
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Definition
| refers to normal focusing at a distance |
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Definition
| ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood |
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Definition
| steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body funcitons |
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Definition
| region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain |
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| What does the endocrine system involve? |
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Definition
| the secretion of hormones that travel in the blood to target cells; secretion into the bloodstream and not into ducts |
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Term
| Compared to the nervous system, how is the endocrine system different? |
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Definition
| the endocrine system control is slower, more sustained and more widespread |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of stimulation for hormone secretion? |
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Definition
| humoral, neural and hormonal |
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Term
| What is humoral stimulation? |
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Definition
| when there are high or low levels of ions in the blood |
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| What is neural stimulation? |
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Definition
| when the sympathetic or parasympathetic system is activated |
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Term
| What is hormonal stimulation? |
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Definition
| when it is triggered by a secretion by another endocrine gland |
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Term
| What does the anterior pituitary gland produce? |
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Definition
| stimulates reproductive organs, thyroid, adrenal gland, milk production and growth |
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Term
| What does the posterior pituitary produce? |
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Definition
| affect uterine contractions and fluid balance |
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Term
| What does the thyroid gland produce? |
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Definition
| the thyroid hormone( regulates metabolic rate) and calcitonin |
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Term
| What does the parathyroid gland produce? |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone that increases calcium in the blood |
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Term
| What does the adrenal cortex produce? |
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Definition
| steroid hormones important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and salt and water balance. medulla produces neurotransmitters of sympathetic system which increase heart rate, blood sugar and respiration |
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Term
| What other organs have endocrine cells in them? |
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Definition
| pancreas, intestines, gonads and kidneys |
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