Combined ideas of logic, direct observation in studies the natrual world.

Descaites: Interactive duarlism. (mind and body working together to interact with to create sensationa and emotion)

Nature and Nuture: Debate, Genetic Vs. Enviorment

Which is more effective on his/her experience in life by the enviorment or genetic inheriatnce or do they work togther?

Founder of Psych as a distinct scientific duiple.

methods of studying the mental proces.

opened a psych research lab.

Strutrualsim: arguing the breaking down experience into most basic componets offers the way to understand thought and behavior.

Introspectrum: looking into ones mind for information about nature of consious experience.

Founder of America Psych

Functionalism: it's better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to than to describe the parts.

Study the purpose of behavioral and the mind influenced by Darwin Natural Selection. Adaption to enviorment with behavioral functions

Direct observation: instead of introspectrum

Psycholanysis: Emphazied the role of unconsious conflicts in determining behavioral and personality.

Based on self anaysis and experiencing with paitents.

Unconsious conflicts almost always sexual or aggressive in nature.

-results in psych disorders

-disinct form of psychothreapy through free assoc.

Behavioralsim: Psych can only be a true science only if it is examined observed behavor.

- not be a consious of unconious influences but directly seen and measured.

- How behavior is acquired  and modified in response to enviormental stimuli

Example: B.F Skinner:

-used reinforcement and punishment to shape the behavior of rats adn pigeons

-Behaviorism dominated psych for most of the early 1900's .

Humanisti: Personal growth and meaning as a way of reseaching ones hightest potenitial.

- self- determination, free will and choice are important for shaping and maintianing behavior.

Heiarchy of needs:  motivated to statisfy prgression of needs

.

-Phsychological needs

-Saftey

-Social

-Esteem

-Self actvalisation

Biological

(Current Perspectives)

Physical of behavior and thought.

Relationship betweetn bodily systems.

The nervous system and chemicals.

Neuroscience: study of the braidn and nervous system.

Pschodynamic

(Current Perspectives)

Importance of unconious influenced, early life expectations, and interpersonal relationships.

explains behavior and treating disorders.

Behavioral

(Current Perspectives)

Humanistic

(Current Perpestives)

Positive Psych

(Current Perpectives)

Cognitive

(Current Perpectives)

Cross Culture

(Current Perspectives)

Evoutionary

(Current Perspectives)

Emerged out of Darwins theroy of Natural selection. Increased survival and reproduction.

Developmental

(Speacailty Areas)

Forensic

 (Speacialty Areas)

Health

(Speaciality Areas)

Role of psych factors in reguard to health and human illness/ immune function

-social factors with doctors and paitents

- Disease prevention, treatment and rehab.

Social

(Specality Areas)

both are trained in the diganosis treatment, causes and prevents of psycholgoical disorders.

-Psychiatry medical speacalty looking at biological factors of psychological disorders (drug threapy)

-Clincial can't order medical treatment but have trianing in psychthearpy

1. Formulate a testable question

2. Design the study and collect data

3. Anaylze the data and draw concusions

4. Report the findings

-Bases upon an observation

-come up with a question

-form a hypothesis: inform and testable question of the outcome. describe the relationship between the two variables.

Factor/ charatceristic that varies or changes.

- the vairable measured is calle operational definition.

Choose a research method.

make a detailed planned for conducting the study.

recurit particpants, with a population.

Subset of a popuation that is actually studied

it's the representive.

Everyone has an equal chance of being selected

selection and stragety to obtain and rep sample.

Observe and describe factors assc. with a set of conditions.

often expoloratory.

Observes and records behavior as it occurs in the real world.

to dect behavior patterns that exist naturally.

systematic observation.

Advantages: Allows us to use exploratory research, that can't be ethically manipualated.

more generalizeable ro real life.

-asking a lot about belief, behavior, and or attitudes.

-easy to gather information.

-people aren't honest

-social duraliblty

Limitations: May not have a rep sample

Researchers observes one person, long periods of time.

indepth and investigate unusaual condtions

Limitations: Not always generaliable to population

Famous case study: Phineaus Gage

pole went through his head. He was okay could talk but couldn't see out of one eye. personaliy changed very rude and mean.

Examines a relationship between two or more variables.

data collection usimg any descrpitve methods disscused so far.

correlation  coeffient is calculated which tells us the strength and direction of the relationship.

doesn't indicate casuality.

Shows that one variable casues change in another.

reseacher manipulated one variable

-collect data reseachers use in statistics to anayzle and summarize and draw conculsions.

-Does it support hypothesis?

-Are findings statistcally signifacant?

-Are findings practically signficant ?

To make advantages in science, researchers must publish or share.

-so scienctist won't replicate the results.

-replication is a very imporant part of research.

-increase confidence on results

-theroies and models develop when being replicated.

Self Report Measures

(Different Reports)

Written and oral accounts of a persons thoughts, feelings or actions. (Interview or survey)

Benefits: Easy to use, inexpensive, can provide insight into thoughts, feelings, and motivation that can't be observed.

Limitations: Social desirablity bais: the tendacy for people to provide a favorable presentation that could lead to inaccurate self reports.

Behavioral Measures

(Different Reports)

Based on the systematic observation of peoples actions.

-labortory setting or naturalistic enviorment.

-requires trained codes to objectly evlauate and code there collected material in a reliable consisent manner.

Limitations: Time required to train codes and to collect data from enough particpatants.

-particpants may modify their behavoir if they know they are being watched.

Physiological Measures

(Different Reports)

Measures of bodliy responses used to determine changes in pyschological state.

included: blood pressure, heart rate and brain area activation.

Benefit: the patient can't fake the system and can't trick the paitent.

Limitations: Speacailize trainning needed and equiment is very expensive.

-Standards of right and wrong

(rules gourning the conduct of a person or group)

 Ethical boundaries in Psych research was made to protect particpants which is reviwed by a panel of experts.

informed consent, respect for person, benficence, privacy and confidenality, and justice.

must sign a consent form that provides details like...

what will they do

how long

risks

benefits

contact info.

can withdrawl without pentalty

Digninty and autonomy protected

children and disable: less likey to understand voluntary particpation. (Sparks a strong debate)

-Help improve people and soceity

-Benefits> cost: minimize cost and maxmize benefits

-welfare of the particpants

-deception should be avoided at all times if possible.

-Protect privacy of all particpants
-Be fair

-Confidentality:never linking idenity with data

-Inform the purpose and importance of study.

Insitutional Review Board: (IRB)

Evaluates research propsal:Ensures ethical guidelines are followed, ensures research doesn't cause undue harm or distress, and evalutaes every study before it's  conducted.

(Huge Debate) Animals can't concent, so proedures that are unethical for humans will not be done on animals.

-Animal research has led to treatment of disease and understanding of neuoscience.

Study of the nervous system

-complex commuincation network for our brain and body

-transitmits, receives and intergrates signals

-two parts: Central nervous system and Peripherical nervous system. 

brain and spinal: controlls all actions and mental processes of the body.

- process every thought, feeling, action, and sensation.

brain: command center

spine: connects brain to Perpherical Nervous system.

-spinal reflexes: auto behavior that occurs w/o brain invovlement.

All of the nervous cells in the body outside of the Central Nervous System.

Somatic Nervous system

Automatic Nervous system

Somatic Nervous system

(PNS)

-Communicates sensory info throughout the body.

-To and from the Central Nervous system.

-Controls voulntary muscle movements

Automatic Nervous System

(PNS)

Controls voluntary function

-heart beat, blood pressure, breathing, pupil dialation

Two parts: Sympathetic and Parasypatheic

Sympathetic

(Automatic Nervous system)

Arouses the body to expend energy.

fight or flight responses.

SNS: Phyiscally prepares you to fight or flee of danger

Parasympathetic

(Automatic Nervous System)

Helps body conserve energy

-returns body system normal

-produces oppisites effects, most act together.

-Gliail Cells

-Neurons

Cell body of the nueron.

-contains the nucleaus

-provides energy for the nuerons

Long tube that extends from the soma.

-tranismitted electricial impulses towards an adjacaent nuerons or other bodily cell.

branch like fibers extending from soma.

-recieve incoming messages from other nuerons or specialized cells.

Fatty substance wraapped around some axon insulation.

-makes the nerve implusie travel more effiecently

-made up of two types of giliail cells.

Junction between axon and adjacent nueron

-where info is transmitted from one nueron to another.

Small knobs at the end of an axon.

-contains tiny sacs of nuerotransmitters

Key roles in everything from muscle movement to moods and mental health.

Three major principles: Nuerons are the buliding block to the nervous system. Information travels with in a nueron in the form of an electrial signal. Info is transmitted between neuronsby means of chemicals.

stable, negitive charged of a neuron when it is inactive.

-interior fluid negitivley charged than exterior fluid. (Polarized state)

Acetylcholine

(Common Neurotransmitters)

Dopamine

(Common Neurotransmitter)

Releases in response to behaviors that feel good or rewarding.

-mainly drugs increase dopamine activity in brain.

Epinephrine

(Common Neurotransmitter)

Norepinephrine

(Common Neurotransmitter)

Serotoin

(Common Neurotransmitters)

Invovled in sleep and controlling emtional states (Linked to depression)

Slows Central nervous system activation and regulates and controls neural activity. (Regulates exctatory messages)

-acholo increases GABA activity.

Invovled in memory and learning by faclitting the growth and change in neurons ato different brain sites.

Endorphines

(Common Neurotransmitters)

Brains own pain killer.

-morphine like chemical

-reduces the perception of pain during trauma/stress

-assc. with positive moods: "runners high"

Agonist

(Drugs and Neurotransmitters)

Drug that binds to a receptor

-mimics the action of Neurotransmitters

Antogenist

( Drugs and Neurotransmitters)

Drug that blocks the effect of neurotransmitters

-fits into receptor site and prevents the neurotramitters from acting.

opposes the action of a neurotransmitter

connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain. Sensory and motor way passes through. Controlateral organization:

-sensory info from one side of the body crosses over at the hindbrain. Motor messages from one side of the two brain hemispheres cross over to the other side.

Medulla Base Brain

(Hindbrain)

where criss-crossing happens. Regulates automatic processes and vital life functions.

-reflexes, heart rates.

Pons

(Hindbrain)

Cellebellum

(Hindbrain)

Invovled in movement and learnin. Balance and corrdination. Learning habitual and automatic motor skills.

(Typing and playing the piano)

Network of speacialized nuerons in the medulla and pons. -project up to another brain reigons and down the spine

-plays a role in attention and sleep regulation.

Substania Nigra

(Midbrain)

Outter part of the brain. Cerebral hemispheres

(Left and Right)

Hearing and serveral other functions

-contains primary auditory cortex (Hearing)

Visual info and imagnation

-contains primary visual cortex (Vision, shape, color, shading)

sensation and percepitation of touch.

-contains somato sensory cortex (feeling)

Attention, problem sloving, plannng, abstract thinking, implusivesness, creativity, and social awarenes.

-contains primary motor cortex. (Motor)

-largest lobe

Receives sensroy and motor info and relays it to the cerebral cortex.

may also regulate awareness attention, motivation,emtional aspects of sensation.

Organizations of glands that release and regulate bodliy hormones.

-glands located thorughout the body.

-interacts with the nervous sytem.

Chemicals that travel in the bloodstream and carry messages to the tissue and organs. regulates metablism, growth rate, and reproduction.

tied to emtion and stress.

Master endocine gland in the brain, controlling the release hormones invovled in regulating the stress response to emotion. heart rate, blood pressure.

-produces catechelamines such as enprinephine and horepinephine to control ANS activation (Fight of flight)

-produces control which maintains the activtation of the bodliy systems during prolonged stress. interacts with immune system.

Causing difficulty comprehension in written and spoken language. Damage to the left temporal lobe.

Doesn't have the ablitly to speak in meaningful sentences. speaks easily and quickly. (Receptive Aphasia)