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| an important movement influencing the social science that was concentrated in the University of Chicago Sociology Department during the 1920's through the 1940's; demonstrated that crime is a product of an area's social ecology, particularly social disorganization in the urban areas |
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| Classical school of criminology |
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| a movement accentuating rational thought as the major influence on human behavior; major theorists include Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), whose works emphasized the concepts of free will and deterrence in the context of crime and punishment |
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| the presences of a relationship between observable phenomena, usually characterized in terms of strength and direction |
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| the level of crime attributable to a geographic locale such as a city, county, or country |
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| the extent and frequency of criminal offending by a group of people |
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| the study of the various factors and processes of making and breaking laws; a social science address of crime characterized by a theoretical methodical symmetry |
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| a philosophy contending that human behavior is caused by biological and psychological factors specific to individuals and/or structural factors composing the environment |
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| a philosophy contending that scientific inquiry should focus on the study of relationships between observable facts |
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| the sacrifice of individual freedoms in exchange for protection and social benefit, first introduced by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) |
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| a systematic explanation composed of statements indicating an outcome's casual and associated elements |
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| the swiftness with which punishment follows a crime |
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| the probability that a crime will be detected and punished |
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| prevention of a certain act of acts (such as crime) |
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| humans' ability to control their own actions and destiny |
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| humans tendency to maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
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| a revised version of classical theory that acknowledges individual and situational differences in motivation, rationality, and free will (i.e., bounded free will) |
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| humans' ability to anticipate the consequences of different actions and to calculate the most beneficial outcomes |
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| the painfulness or unpleasantness of a sanction |
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| the condition of being less developed than "normal" people; a "genetic throwback" to an earlier physical and social form of a person |
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| the father of positivism; he believed that criminals were underdeveloped forms of humans and exhibited a wide range of atavistic stigmata indicating their less developed state |
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| a researcher who largely disproved Lombroso's ideas although his research showed some degree of physical differences b/t criminals and noncriminals |
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| an anthropologist whose book "The American Criminal" reported on numerous physical and mental "inferiorities"among criminals evolutionary psychology a recent, interdisciplinary theoretical development that says crime is the result of both programming that is passed through generations and social and cultural factors |
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| a theorist who introduced the idea of different body types being associated with different forms of crime; proposed three basic body types: asthenic, athletic, and pyknic |
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| the idea that some people have genes tat make them more likely to have a certain trait or behavior (such as criminality)than others |
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| the chemicals in the human body that create and are responsible for sex characteristics and, according to some theories, different types of behavior |
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| a genetic abnormality found among less than 1% of men; argued by some to be a cause of a high level of aggression and, hence, criminality |
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| a theorist who redined and revised the idea of difference body types being associated with crime; proposed three body types: endomorphs, ectomorphs, and mesomorphs |
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| the theory and practice of measuring and assessing body types and associating different forms of physical bodies with different types of criminal behavior |
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| the belief that it is possible to identify causes of a phenomena using scientific methods |
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| an idea from the 1790's and early 1800's that as different parts of the brain developed to a different degree, this could be seen through bumps on the head; the belief that bumps on certain parts of the head indicated criminality |
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