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| the study of mind, brain, and behavior |
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| the three developements in the biological revolution |
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1. an understanding of brain chemistry 2. understanding the influence of genetic processes 3. the developement of methods for assesing the brain in action |
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| the brain is an organ that has evolved over millions of years to solve problems related to survival and reproduction |
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| darwins theory that those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their particular environment have a selective advantage over those who do not; the process by which random mutations in organisms that are adaptive are passed along and mutations that hinder reproduction are not |
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| in evolutionary theory, the physical characteristics, skills, or abilities that increase the chances of reproduction or survival and are therefore likely to be passed along to future generations |
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| refers to beliefs, values, rules, norms, and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and enironment |
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| brain chemical relevant to mood |
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| the arguements concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience, and culture |
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| a disorder in which people have unusual thoughts such as believing they are god, or experiencing unusual sensations such as hearing voices |
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| a disorder in a person who had dramatic swings, from feeling extremely sad to feeling euphoric |
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| a fundamental psychological issue that considers whether mind and body are separate and distinct or whether the mind is simply the subjective experience of the physical brain |
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| the home of thought and judgement |
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| the philisophical idea that the mind exists separately from the physical body |
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| established first psychology labarotory |
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| a systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts |
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| an approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into basic underlying components or elements |
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| wrote principles of psychology |
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| a phrase coined by william james to describe one's continuous series of ever-changing thoughts |
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| concerned with the adaptive purpose or function of mind and behavior |
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| important woman to psychology |
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| first woman to get a phd in psychology |
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| a theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements |
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| phenomenological approach |
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| the totality of subjective conscious experience |
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| a term that identifies mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness |
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| a method developed by sigmund freud that attempts to bring the contents of unconscious into conscious awareness so that conflicts can be revealed |
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| people talk about whatever they wanted for as long as they wanted, therapy |
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| a psychological approach that emphazises the role of environmental forces in producing behavior, thought of by John . Watson |
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| became famous for taking up the mantle of behaviorism |
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| concerned with higher order mental functions such as intelligence, thinking, language, memory, and decision making |
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| thought of by kurt lewin; emphasized the interplay between people-their biolody, habits, and beliefs-and their encironment, such as social situations and group dynamics |
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| effective for treating conditions such as depression and eating disorders |
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| one who uses the methods of science to study the brain, the mind, and behavior |
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| psychological practitioners |
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| those who apply findings from psychological science in order to assist people in their daily lives |
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| experimental psychopathologists |
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| study abnormal or disordered behavior |
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| a systematic way of evaluating information in order to reach reasonable conclusions |
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| questions that can be answered by observing and measuring the world around us |
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| repitition of an experiment to confirm the results |
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| the unexpected stumbling upon something important |
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| quantification of a variable that allows it to be measured |
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| anything that affects a dependent variable that may unintentionally vary between the different experimental conditions of a study |
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| the procedure for placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in which each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of independent variable |
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| a research method that examines how variable are naturally related to the world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them |
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| when the experimenter cannot directly maipulate the independent variable and therefore cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the dependent variable |
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| a research method that onvolves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals in order to provide a systematic and objective analysis of behavior |
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| a passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior |
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| a type of descriptive study in which the research is actively involved in the situation |
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| a research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior |
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| the effect that occurs when the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed |
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| refers to changes in behavior that occur when people know that others are observing them |
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| systematic errors in observation that occur due to an observer's expectations |
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| experiment expectancy effect |
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| actual change in the behavior of the people or animals being observed is due to observer bias |
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| methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys |
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| socially desirable responding |
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| when people respond to a question in a way that is most socially acceptable or that makes them look good |
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| a research method that involves the intensive examination of one person; interpretation of case studies is very subjective |
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| a research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus |
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| psychophysiological assessment |
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| a research method that examines how changes in bodily functions are associated with behavior or mental state |
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| a method of data collection that measures electircal activity in the brain |
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| poistron emission tomography (PET) |
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| a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream |
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| magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) |
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| a method of brain imaging that produces high-quality images of the brain |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) |
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| an imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain |
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| institutional review boards |
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| groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants |
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| a process in which people are given full information about a study, which allows them to make a knoledgeable decision about whether to participate |
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| a measure that represents the typical behavior of the group as whole |
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| in a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean |
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| a statistical measure of how far away each value is on average from the mean |
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| a set of procedures used to make judgements about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers |
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