Term
| the uneven distribution of charges caused by the highly electronegative characteristics of oxygen makes water a __________ covalent molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| identify the energy producing metabolic pathway with enzymes located in the mitochondrial matrix: |
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Definition
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Term
| high levels of physical activity beyond the anaerobic (ie without oxygen) threshold results in the production of this organic acid in the tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| the hormone calcitonin is synthesized and secreted by the _________ of the _________ gland |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrogen bonds form helical (coiled) domains and beta-pleated sheets in a protein. These regions are typical of its __________ structure |
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Definition
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Term
| identify the peptide hormone responsible for increasing plasma calcium (Ca++) levels |
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Definition
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Term
| the co-transport of glucose and sodiumm (Na+) is an example of _______________ transport |
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Definition
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Term
| identify the modified nucleotide that is the second messenger in many G-protein signal transduction pathways: |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleotides consist of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a ______________ linked by covalent bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| the __________ pituitary gland is composed of neural tissue and is embryologically derived from the floor of the hypothalamus of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| identify the three-carbon molecule that is the final product of glycolysis in the presence of adequate oxygen: |
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Definition
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Term
| the majority of inracellular "fixed anions" belong to this class of organic polymers: |
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Definition
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Term
| aerobic respiration of 1 molecule of gllucose produces _____ ATP molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| oxidation is _______ of electrons, reduction is _____ of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| identify the amino acid-derived hormone that acts more like a lipid-based hormone in its mechanism of action: |
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Definition
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Term
| efflux (outflow) of K+ ions would have what effect on the resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
| packaging, labeling, and distribution of cellular products synthesized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) takes place in what organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| electrons produced in the Kreb's cycle (TCA cycle are transferred to the ETS by these 2 chemical compounds (list their abbreviated acronyms): ________ and _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the Na+/K+ ATPase is an example of ________ active transport |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones may be broadly classified as belonging to TWO MAJOR CHEMICAL CATEGORIES. Identify the category that best describes hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
glucagon is often described as a hypoglycemic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
triglycerides are an important class of amphipathic molecules |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
the Nernst equation predicts the equilibrium potential for a single ion |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
enzymes are usually proteins thought to possess active sites that are determined by complex 3-dimensional properties of secondary structure |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
c-cells or parafollicular cells are found in the parathyroid gland |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
all nucleic acids are located exclusively within the nucleus of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
an acid may be defined as a proton (H=) acceptor |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
the diffusion of glucose "down" its concentration gradient into the cell is an example of secondary active transport |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
enzymatic co-factors are commonly vitamins, such as vitamin C |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are classified as catecholamines |
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Definition
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| acts on several targets to decrease plasma calcium concentration |
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Term
| which of the following statements regarding G-protein signal transduction pathways is false? |
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Definition
| they require intracellular messengers that act as transcription factors |
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Term
| which statement regarding the hormone insulin is correct |
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Definition
| it stimulates the synthesis and storage of fats (lipogenesis) |
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Term
| which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the chemical bonds that form the primary structure of proteins |
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Definition
they are known as peptide bonds
they result from a dehydrationn synthesis
they are covalent bonds
ALL INCORRECT |
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Term
| which of the following factors determines enzyme activity |
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Definition
temperature
substrate concentration
cofactors and coenzymes
pH |
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Term
| hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus include |
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Definition
GnRH, TRH, ADH and GHIH
and
GHIH, CRH, and OXY |
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Term
| identify the incorrect statement below regarding thyroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is not one of the cardinal symptoms of Diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
| regulation of steroid hormones secreted by the gonades is determined by |
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Definition
| levels of these hormones in the blood; inhibition or stimulation of tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary; inhibition or stimulation of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus; negative feedback; ALL |
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Term
| which on of the following statements is accurate regarding the endocrine function of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
| tropic, or stimulation, hormones are produced there |
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Term
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Definition
"study of the function of anatomical structures" or "now the structural components of the body FUNCTION to sustain life"
the role of anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
dynamic balance
"maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the face of constantly changing ambient (internal and/or external) conditions |
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Term
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Definition
change of some physiological variable
ex. temp, blood glucose, a hormone, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
far less comman than NFB; increase in variable stimulates further increase until stimulus is removed
ex. childbirth, blood clotting factors |
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Term
| basic compositions of matter |
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Definition
atoms, elements
protons, neutrons, electrons
molecule, compound
isotopes
atomic #, mass #@, atomic weight |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules are formed by intersections between valence electrons of 2 or more atons: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
sharing of electrons b/w 2 or more atoms
ex. water and organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction of hydrogen atom of one molecule for a strongly... |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
solutes: substances that dissolve in liquids
solvents: liquid; water-universal solvent, human body |
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Term
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Definition
acid: proton (H+) donor
base: proton (H+) acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
most are organic (contain C,H,O)
4 major classes: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids & nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
selective control of movement of materials in and out of cell
"fluid mosaic model"
diagram: polar heads-hydrophilic |
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Term
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Definition
gel-like matrix in lattice of fibrous proteins
(fibers= tubulin, actin, myosin, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
membrane-bound structures
lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, ER, nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
cellular control (DNA, RNA)
-double-membrane bound
-numberous pores (transport) |
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Term
| nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) |
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Definition
| macromolecules formed from nucleotides; phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base; DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
sum of all celllular reactions that produce, transfer or use nrg in the process of maintaining life
1st: conservation of energy
2nd: entropy increases
plants & animals consume and use nrg to decrease entrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| are proteins that act as biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical rxns; lower the activation energy of rxns; not changed by rxn or nature |
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Term
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Definition
| measurable force required to exactly counteract the net osmotic movement of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of a solution on osmotic movement of water into or out of cells; behaviors of RBCs in varying tonicity solutions |
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Term
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Definition
...relatively permeable to: water and nonpolar molecules (ex. steroids, trigycerides, etc.)
...relatively permeable to: variety of essential solutes (ex. glucose, ions, amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between sequential information-carrying biopolymers, in the most common or general case, in living organisms |
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Term
oxygen debt
aka excess post-exercise oxygen consumptions |
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Definition
| after strenuous activity; extra oxygen is used in the processes to restore the body to resting state & adapt it to the exercise performed. ex.hormone balancing,replenishment of fuel stores,cellular repair,innervation,and anabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
small molecules diffuse down concentration gradient via channel proteins (pores)
non-polar molecules may cross membrane |
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Term
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Definition
uses no cellular energy (no ATP hydrolysis)
transport of relatively large molecules (ex. glucose) down their concentration gradient
thought to require special “carrier” molecules in the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| selective permeability of the plasma membrane & activity of a+/K+ ATPase result in uneven distribution of charges on either side of PM; cytoplasmic side(inside) of cell carries net negative charge relative to the extracellular side(outside) |
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