Term
| microbes or microoraganisms |
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Definition
| are minute living things that individually are usuallly too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the two names that scientific nomenclature assigns each organism |
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Term
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Definition
| follows the genus and is not capitalized |
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Term
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Definition
| are relatively simple, single-celled organisms, their genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane; therefor they are called prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning preneuclus; this included bateria and archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of prokaryothic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack prpitdoglycan; usually found in extreem enviornemtns such as excess salt and heat |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| are unicellular eukaryotic microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms |
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Term
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Definition
| the two major groups of parasitic worms are the flatworms and the round worms |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that all living things are composed of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the claim that living thing cells can arise from only preexisiting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| paster found that instead of the air converting sugars into alchol it was actually a microorganism called yeast convert sugars to alchol in the absence of air |
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Term
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Definition
| pasteur found a solution the the spoilage of many foods, the solution to the problem was to heat beer, wine, and cheese to kill off many of the bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| the realization that yeast plays a crutial role in fermentation, this showed the link between the activity of a microbe and physical and chemical changes in organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| koch cultured a bacterium found in cows blood, thus established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Jenner discovered that a milk maid was immune to small pox he isolated the blood in the cow and injected it into a 8 year old boly and thus he was immune to small pox |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of a disease from use of chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced natrually by bacteria and fung to act against other microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs made within a labratory |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of bacteria, started with van-Leeuwenhoek's first examination of tooth scrapings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of all organisms genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Paul Berg showed that fragments of human or animal DNA (genes) that code for important proteins to attach to the bacterial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits |
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Term
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Definition
| specifically studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the sythesis of protiens |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their enviornment, originated with the work of Beijerneck and Winorgradsky |
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Term
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Definition
| commercial use of microorganisms to produce common foods and chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| insertikng a missing gene or repacing a defective one in human cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the normal microbes we are born with |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to ward off disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex aggregation of microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| is a disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest componet of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms interact with each other in certain combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between atoms and molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| is the attraction between ions of opposite charges that holds them together to forma stable molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a hydrogen atom that is covelently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen attom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecular weight expressed in grams |
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Term
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Definition
| the making or breaking of bonds between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| some change of energy occurs whenever bonds between atoms are formed or broken during chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that absorbs energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that gives off energy |
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Term
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Definition
| to elements combine to produce a product A+B --> AB |
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Term
| catabolism or decomposition reaction |
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Definition
when a molecule breaks down into two or more elements
AB---> A+B |
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Term
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Definition
when three or more elements recombine to form new products
AB+CD ---> AD+BC |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical reaction that is readily reversable when the end product can revert back the the original molecule, usually indicated by two arrows |
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Term
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Definition
| typically lack carbon in which ionic bonds may play an important roll |
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Term
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Definition
| always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically are structurally complex |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that is not symetric and has an unequal distribution of charges (has two polls like a magnet) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disolving medium usually water |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation into individual molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance being disloved like salt in water |
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Term
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Definition
| or dissasociation, the breaking apart of molecules into ions |
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Term
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Definition
| any microscope that uses visible light to observe a speciem |
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Term
| compound light microscope |
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Definition
| has a series of lenses and uses visible light as a source of its illimunation, the shorter wavelenghts makes the resolution better, immersion oil stops the light from refracting as much |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where the light form the illuminator passes through, which has lenses that direct the light rays through the specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| the oculars magnification (x10) x the objectives magnifications |
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Term
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Definition
| the ablility of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure if the light bendin ablity of a medium |
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Term
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Definition
| the area around the specimen is light |
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Term
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Definition
| the area around your specimen is dark |
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Term
| phase contrast microscope |
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Definition
| gives detailed examination if internal structures in living microorganisms, Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| are natural defense molecules that are produced by humans and many animals in reaction to a foreign substance |
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Term
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Definition
uses uv light, Fluorescent
substances absorb UV
light and emit visible
light Cells may be stained
with fluorescent dyes
(fluorochromes) |
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Term
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Definition
Cells stained with
fluorochrome dyes
Short wavelength
(blue) light used to
excite the dyes
The light illuminates
each plane in a
specimen to produce
a three-dimensional
image
Up to 100 µm deep |
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Term
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Definition
Uses electrons instead of light
The shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater
resolution |
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Term
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Definition
Cells stained with
fluorochrome dyes
Two photons of long-
wavelength (red) light
used to excite the
dyes
Used to study cells
attached to a surface
Up to 1 mm deep |
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Term
| scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) |
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Definition
Measures sound
waves that are
reflected back from
an object
Used to study cells
attached to a
surface
Resolution 1 µm |
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Term
| transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
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Definition
Ultrathin sections of
specimens
Light passes through
specimen, then an
electromagnetic lens,
to a screen or film
Specimens may be
stained with heavy
metal salts |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
An electron gun
produces a beam of
electrons that scans
the surface of a
whole specimen
Secondary electrons
emitted from the
specimen produce
the image |
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Term
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Definition
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) uses a
metal probe to scan a specimen
Resolution 1/100 of an atom
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a metal-
and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen.
Produces three-dimensional images. |
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Term
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Definition
Coloring the microbe with a dye that
emphasizes certain structures |
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Term
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Definition
A thin film of a solution of microbes on a
slide
A smear is usually fixed to attach the microbes to
the slide and to kill the microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| the chromophore is a cation |
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Term
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Definition
| the chromophore is an anion |
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Term
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Definition
| Staining the background instead of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a single basic dye |
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Term
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Definition
may be used to hold the stain or coat the
specimen to enlarge it |
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Term
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Definition
Used to distinguish between bacteria
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain |
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Term
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Definition
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive
or gram-negative
Gram-positive bacteria tend to be killed by penicillin and
detergents
Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-
alcohol
Mycobacterium
Nocardia |
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Term
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Definition
Used to distinguish parts of cells
Capsule stain
Endospore stain
Flagella stain |
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Term
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Definition
Primary stain: Malachite green, usually with heat
Decolorize cells: Water
Counterstain: Safranin |
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Term
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Definition
Mordant on flagella
Carbolfuchsin simple stain |
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Term
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Definition
| The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for most of the
chemical properties of a particular organic
compound. |
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Term
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Definition
Small organic molecules can combine into large
macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
polymers consisting of many
small repeating molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Monomers join by dehydration synthesis or
condensation reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Cell structures and energy sources
Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7
carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
are formed when 2
monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration
synthesis
Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
consist of 2 to 20
monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
consist of tens or hundreds of
monosaccharides joined through dehydration
synthesis
Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of
glucose that are covalently bonded differently
Chitin is a polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times |
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Term
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Definition
Primary components of cell membranes
Consist of C, H, and O
Are nonpolar and insoluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
Fats or triglycerides
Contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by
dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
One or more double bonds in the
fatty acids
cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond
trans: H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond |
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Term
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Definition
Contain C, H, and O + P,
N, or S
Membranes are made of
phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
4 carbon rings with an OH group attached to one
ring
Part of membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Are essential in cell structure and function
Enzymes are proteins that speed chemical reactions
Transporter proteins move chemicals across
membranes
Flagella are made of proteins
Some bacterial toxins are proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins consist of subunits |
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Term
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Definition
are between amino acids are formed by
dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the amino
acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the helix folds
irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds,
and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain |
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Term
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Definition
consists of 2 or more
polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleotides consist of a
Pentose
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base |
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Term
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Definition
consist of a
Pentose
Nitrogen-containing base |
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Term
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Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Has deoxyribose
Exists as a double helix
A hydrogen bonds with T
C hydrogen bonds with G |
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Term
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Definition
Ribonucleic acid
Has ribose
Is single-stranded
A hydrogen bonds with U
C hydrogen bonds with G |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine triphosphate
Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups. Is made by dehydration synthesis
Is broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy
for the cell... when water is added to ATP --> ADP |
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Term
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Definition
pre neucleus One circular
chromosome, not in a
membrane
No histones
Average size: 0.2 1.0 µm × 2 8 µm
Most bacteria are monomorphic
A few are pleomorphic
No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
if Bacteria
Pseudomurein cell walls
if Archaea
Binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
true neucleus Paired chromosomes,
in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell
walls
Mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Spirillum
Vibrio
Spirochete |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Streptococci,
streptobacilli |
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Term
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Definition
Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
Capsule: neatly
organized
Slime layer: unorganized
and loose
Extracellular
polysaccharide allows
cell to attach
Capsules prevent
phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Outside cell wall
Made of chains of
flagellin
Attached to a protein
hook
Anchored to the wall
and membrane by the
basal body |
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Term
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Definition
Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7) |
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Term
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Definition
Also called endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end
of a cell
Rotation causes cell
to move |
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Term
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Definition
Prevents osmotic lysis
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
Pili
Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Gliding motility
Twitching motility
Fimbriae allow attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Pili
Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Gliding motility
Twitching motility
Fimbriae allow attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Polymer of
disaccharide:
N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM) |
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Term
Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive
Bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
2-ring basal body
Disrupted by lysozyme
Penicillin sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
4-ring basal body
Endotoxin
Tetracycline sensitive |
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Term
| gram negitive outter cell membrane |
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Definition
Protection from phagocytes, complement, and
antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
Lipid A is an endotoxin
Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in
peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out |
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Term
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Definition
Acid-fast cell walls
Like gram-positive
Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
Mycobacterium
Nocardia |
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Term
| Mycoplasmas atypical cell walls |
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Definition
Lack cell walls
Sterols in plasma membrane |
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Term
| Archaea atypical cell walls |
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Definition
Wall-less or
Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
Protoplast is a wall-less gram-positive cell
Spheroplast is a wall-less gram-negative cell
Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic
lysis
L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
shapes |
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Term
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Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane
Proteins
Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
Enzymes for ATP production
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores or thylakoids
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics
causes leakage of cell contents |
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Term
|
Definition
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate
and move laterally |
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Term
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Definition
Solute combines with a
transporter protein in the membrane |
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Term
| movement of materials acros the membrane |
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Definition
Through lipid layer
Aquaporins (water
channels) |
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Term
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Definition
The pressure needed to stop
the movement of water across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of
high water to an area of lower water
concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Requires a transporter protein
and PEP |
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Term
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Definition
Requires a transporter protein
and ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance inside the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Protein synthesis
70S
50S + 30S subunits |
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Term
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
Sulfur granules |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Metachromatic granules
(volutin) |
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Term
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Definition
| protein covered cylinders |
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Term
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Definition
| iron oxide destroyes H2O2 |
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Term
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Definition
Resting cells
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to vegetative state |
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Term
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Definition
Plants, algae, fungi
Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
Simple diffusion
Facilitative diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Sterols
Glycocalyx carbohydrates
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and
dissolved substances |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid portion of cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of cytoplasm
throughout cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Protein synthesis
80S
Membrane-bound: Attached to ER
Free: In cytoplasm
70S
In chloroplasts and mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
: Membrane formation and secretion
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Brings food into cells and provides support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
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Term
|
Definition
Consists of protein fibers and
centrioles |
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