Evidence that is written from the period the hisotorian is studying.  Four examples: 1. written sources – books, manuscripts, newspapers, legal documents, periodicals, magazines, diaries, letters, etc. (know 3) 2.  3. artificts – sculptures, pottery, and ships. 4. Oral testimony – interviews of people who witness the event.

Europe – 14^th through 17^th century where a noble would lease land to a farmer for a long period of time maybe up to a 100 years and could be inherited.  When the population of Europe began to increase, that led to increase in food prices, which leads to inflation.   This has the result of causing the nobility to begin to loose their way of life (especially lower nobles) because their rents are fixed so their way of life was suffering.  This then causes nobles to look for other lands and investments which means they are big supporters of exploration and colonization.   

Spices were very rare in Europe so they specifically got their spices from Africa and Asia.  They wanted them because they helped flavor the food because wheat spoiled (preservation) and since bathing was rare, they wanted them for perfume as well as medicine.  Ginger, cinnamon, cloves.  15^th century.  The trade led to the creation of joint stock companies and it also led to the discovery of the new world.  MENTION: reason why they are looking for a ship route – the over land route was long and dangerous, they were looking for a ship route.      

Joint-stock companies

15^th century civilization that was a military based futile structure.  They were conquered by the Spanish conquestador Hernan Cortez in 1521.  They wee settled on Lake Texcoco.  The conquering of them lead to the discovery of new land.  ADD: They spoke the language nahuatl.  They started out in the 13^th century as an agriculture people but then develop into a military based society and began selling themselves as mercinaries.  The capital city of Tenochtitlan grows to a population of 250,000.  The aztecs as a whole contained a population of 25 million.  Look for social structure in notes…Also, they practiced human sacrifice. In class we read two primary sources on the Aztecs.

a 16^th century Spanish conquistador who later would be a Priest several years after he was given an encomienda by Spain and utilized native Americans as laborers.  He noticed that these native peoples were unfit for strenuous manual labor.   He pleaded with the Spanish crown to cease the utilization of Native Americans as laborers.  This led to the Spanish banning the use of Native labor and the emergence of African slave labor.  ADD: he recognized the brutal treatment of the Native Americans…cutting people in half, etc. 

16^th centuryConquestador who traveled with cortez and witnessed the fall of the Aztecs.  Need couple examples of motivations: god, glory, gold, etc…look it up in the reading.   

Northern humanist in the 15^th and 16^th centuries who studied ancient Latin and Greek and he also is most known for taking the Catholic Vulgate which was the medieval Latin translation of the bible and he compares it to the original old testament in Hebrew and the original new testiment in Greek and he finds differences in translations, which causes other people such as Martin Luther and John Calvin to begin to question the teachings and doctrines of the Catholic Church.  He advocated a more direct relationship with God, sincere repentance and also going to the bible to find true meaning.   

16th century. Predestination – you’re predestined to be saved. The way you live your life reveals whether you’re an elect or not.  Everybody has a calling. Usury was a sin.  

middle level class of people in the 16^th to 19^th century.  The middle group were very diverse – made up of merchants.  At the top, successful tradesmen.  Owners – manufacturers, doctors, lawyers.  Fortunes through finance and trade.  Income from shares of stock in company. Do not own land because royalty owns it.  They live in cities and display their wealth by clothes, carriages, jewelry, 19^th century parlors with lots of “stuff” to show off their wealth.  They also define their own values through politeness, which meant they created a code of behavior that circulated in books.  Rules on how to do everything.  Defined behavior and consequences if you didn’t behave properly.  Homes become social centers with public and private spaces.  The notion of privacy came.  Marriages were now for love.  Attitudes towards children changed – they were treated better and loved because they lived longer lives.  In England this class was 20% of population and in France it was 10% during the mid 18^th century.  Their main entertainment was the coffee house.  In 1750 there were more than 2,000 in London alone.  Places to socialize.  Very literate – embraces reading magazines and newspapers.  This is when the great cat massacre happened. ADD: Their values come to dominate by the 19^th century.  

high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king, wielded broad mili­tary, legislative, and, when they had legal training, judi­cial powers. Viceroys would have audiencias who were counsels of nobles that would help the Viceroys rule.  Viceroys are kind of like small monarchs.  At the local level, there are magistrates, which are at the very bottom of the beucratic structure.

create the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  The same year, it recruits John Winthorpe and is given a couple goals.  1. To articulate the goal or mission of the colony, which he does. The Massachusetts Bay colonists have a covenant with God to work hard, live good righteous lives and in return the colony will flourish.  If they do this, they will be called a “City Upon the Hill,” which means it will be an example, not only to the other colonies, but to the Church of England and England would reform their Church.  The 2^nd thing he had to do was to get people to come to the colony – he was very successful.  In 1630, 20,000 there were colonies, and by 1640 there were over 60,000 colonies.  City on a hill, covenant. M.B.C. and Winthorpe go hand in hand.  Non-separatist puritans.  

- The slave trade is developing a lot of wealth.  They trade slaves, gold, agriculture.  Global increase in trade.  This causes the theory of mercantilism – has lots of parts to it – there is the belief that there is only a limited amount of wealth in the world.  i.e. silver – only a certain amount of silver and the administration thought they needed to build empires to contain the wealth.  Capture and contain the wealth.  The trade never leaves the empire.  Self contained, self sustaining wealth.  The English pass the Navigation Act between 1671 and 1673.  Certain valuable products could only go to England.  Create ports – vice-admiralities ports to do with smugglers.  

sugar plantations were established using first Native American, then African slaves. Development of sugar and tobacco plantations in the americas.  Need for labor and development of slavery.  Race is created to justify the exploitation of the slave trade.  Also, it starts going into other places where culturally race goes into scientific writings and other modes of thinking…religion, political, science.  

was settled by the Portuguese.  Brazil develops sugar plantations, which is very important due to the tea that’s in demand.  Cane sugar becomes a major product.  They develop over 150 sugar plantations by 1600.  They needed labor, so by 1700 half (50%) of Brazil’s population was enslaved.  About 150,000 people.  Developed by Poruguese in the16^th century – capitaincies (right to the land/use of anyone laboring on the land.)  Introduction of sugar plantations.  They increasingly used slaves from Africa.  

English Colonies in the Caribbean and North America  2 of the most important are: Barbados and Jamaica.  The Brittish take over Barbados in 1627 and they develop small farms.  On these farms they have cotton, indigo, and most importantly, sugar.  It becomes in the 17^th century the largest sugar producing island and as a result, 65% of its population is enslaved.  Barbados was taken over by Jamaica and Jamaica becomes the number one sugar producing island in 1720.  They developed very large sugar plantations.  Every bit of production is done on the plantations.  By the late 18^th century, 90% of its population is enslaved.  Never more than 100 plantations on the island.  By 1800 it is a “jewel” in the sugar growth. 1655- British took over Jamaica – large sugar plantations.