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Definition
| support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation |
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| Bone is a rigid form of connective tissue, forms most of the skeleton and is the chief supportting tissue of the body |
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| consist of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs |
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| consist of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles (hip) and the limbs |
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1.Cancellous (spongy) bone
2.Compact (dense) bone |
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| Classification of Bone (5) |
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Definition
1.Long bones
2.Short bones
3.Flat bones
4.Irregualr bones
5.Sesamoid bones |
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| Epiphyses – large prominences at either end of the diaphysis |
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| Epiphyseal plate – early in life the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a this cartilaginous structure; area of bone growth |
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| Periosteum – around the entire bone is a layer of connective tissue; this is where bones cells are produced and is very pain sensitive tissue |
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| Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) – at the ends of the bone epiphyses are covered this tissue |
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no diaphysis
fairly symmetrical
ex. tarsal or carpals |
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no diaphysis
fairly symmetrical
ex. tarsal or carpals |
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head chest shoulder
ex. sternum |
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cannot be classified as long short or flat
ex. vertebrae |
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Oval bones that are free floating usually foudn within tendons of muscles
ex. patella |
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| Linear Elevation Refered to as: |
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| hammer-head like elevation |
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| Sharp elevation or projecting part |
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| Rounded articular area of bone |
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| Prominent process just proximal to a condyle |
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| indentation at edge of bone |
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| a cord band or sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones together |
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United by fibrous tissue no movement (synarthrosis):
Sutures, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis |
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Definition
Untited by cartilage or a combination of cartilage and fibrous tissue:
Primary (Synchondrosis/Hyaline) Cartilaginous Joints, Secondary (Symphyses/Fibro-)Cartilaginous Joints |
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Definition
united by catilage with a synovial membrane enclosing a joint cavity:
Diarthrodial |
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| held together by several layers of strong connective tissue |
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united by sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament or fibrous membrane)
ex. distal tibiafibular joint |
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Definition
| joint between tooth and bone where fibrous tissue of periodontal ligament anchors tooth |
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Term
| Primary Cartilaginous Joint |
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Definition
(Synchondroses/Hyaline)
united by hyaline cartilage which permits slight bending during early life
ex. epiphyseal cartilaginous plate and costal cartilage of first rib |
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Term
| Secondary Cartilaginous Joint |
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Definition
(Symphyses/Fibrocartilaginous)
surfaces are covere with hayline cartillage and united by stron fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage
ex. pubic symphysis |
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| where synovial joint is located |
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| (hyaline cartilage) no nerve no blood vessels which means can't feel pain or get nutrition. |
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| Lines joint cavity but not articular cartilage and contains synovial fluid which nourishes articular cartilage from the capillaries in membrane |
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| envelops the joint: Fibrous capsule(usual referrence) and Synovial membrane |
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| assist in fitting the bones together secondary to articulating surfaces are incongruent |
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| Three other common features of a Joint |
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Definition
| Fibrocartilaginous Pads or Mensci and Rings or Labrum and Accessory ligaments |
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| Joint Cavity and Synovial Fluid |
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Movement in 2 planes about 2 axes.
5 movements. |
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movement in 1 plane about 1 axis.
2 movements. |
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Movement in 3 planes about 3 axes.
7 Movements. |
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Definition
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Condyloid
4. Saddle
5. Ball and Socket
6. Pivot |
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Definition
| Flat surfaces permit gliding or sliding movements. uniaxial. ex. acromioclavicular joint |
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| concave surface with other surface like a spool of thread. unaxial (flexion and extension) strong collateral ligaments. Ex. elbow |
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convex surface fits into concave suface. biaxial (flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction)
ex.joint in finger |
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| modification of condyloid. convex in concave biaxial. ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb |
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| round head fitting into cuplike cavity. triaxial. ex. GH joint and hip joint |
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| one bone rotates around another. uniaxial (rotation)proximal radioulnar joint |
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| Skeletal Cardiac and Smooth |
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| dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
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| connective tissue that protects from wear and tear |
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| fibrous connective tissue that covers, connects or supports other tissue (elastic stocking) |
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| saclike structure containing bursa fluid and protects muscle, tendon, ligament and other tissues that cross bone prominences; lubricate surfaces to allow tendons to glide over bone |
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| motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies or innervates |
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| Surrounds a muscle fascicle |
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| Grouping of myofilaments that form a contraction unit |
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| Cellular organelle with abilitly to contract |
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| Long, cylindrical and multinucleated |
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| (cell membrane) surrounds muscle fiber with extensions in to cell called T-tubules |
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| (T-Tubules) extensive system of sarcolemma into cell |
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| (Smooth endoplasmic reticulum): Sarcotubules and Terminal cisternae |
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| tubular portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| dialate portions of SR that lie next to T-Tubules and store calcium |
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| T-Tubule with terminal cisternae on each side forming a cross section of 3 structures |
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Definition
| striping formation from organization of myofilaments and myofibrils |
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| between myofibrils give energy to muscle |
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| Thin filament; molecule with active site that myosin cross bridge will attach for contraction |
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| molecule that wraps around actin |
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Definition
| molecule that attaches to tropomysosin and actin. opens and closes actin active site for muscle contraction |
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| The expanded termination of a motor neuron containing:synaptic vesicles, presynaptic cell membrane and mitochondria |
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Definition
Junction between nerve terminal and motor end plate
Motor End Plate, Synaptic Cleft, Striated Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
| depression in muscle fiber that holds motor end plate |
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Definition
| has subneural clefts to increase surface area |
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| Funciton of Nervous System |
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Definition
1. Sensation
2. Intergration
3. Response |
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Definition
| nervous system sense internal and external environment |
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| nervous system interprets and stores information |
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| nervous system responds to information (usually motor) |
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| single cell of nervous system that propagates action potential |
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| neuron cell process (dendrite or axon) |
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| group of cell bodies in PNS |
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| responsible for neuron nutrition |
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| carrie information to cell body |
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| carries information form cell body to muscle fibers |
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| insulation that assists in conduction of impulses |
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| Gaps in myeline sheath where impulses leap from node to node |
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| sensory; carries impulses to CNS |
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| motor; carried impulses from CNS |
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| has many dendrites and one axon |
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| one dendrite and one axon |
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| appears to have one process |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Spinal and Cranial Nerves containing afferent and efferent nerves |
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Definition
| Form from dorsal and ventral roots exit through intervetbral foramina all except C1 are mixed nerves |
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Definition
31
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Cx1 |
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Definition
C1-C7 exit superior to vertebra of same name
C8 exits below C7 vertebrae
T1-Cx1 exits inferior ot vertebra of same name |
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Definition
Ventral-motor
Dorsal-sensory |
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Definition
| cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Term
| Anterior Primary Ramus (APR) |
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Definition
| supplies lateral and anterior parts of body |
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| Posterior Primary Ramus (PPR) |
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Definition
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Definition
Muscular- to muscles
Cutaneous- to skin |
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Definition
Muscular to deep muscles on back
Cutaneous to skin on back and neck |
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Definition
Some Form Plexuses
1. Cervical Plexus C1-C5
2. Brachial Plexus C6-T1
3. Lumbosacracl Plexus L1-S3
Others: to skin on front and to superfical back muscles limbs and front of body |
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Definition
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins |
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| muscles in pectoral region |
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Definition
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Subclavius |
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Term
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Definition
1.Trapezius
2.Latissimus Dorsi
3.Levator Scapulae
4.Rhomboid Major
5.Rhomboid Minor
6.Serratus Anterior
7.Deltoid
8.Supraspinatus
9.Infraspinatus
10.Teres Minor
11.Teres Major
12.Subscapularis |
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| Anterior Compartment of Arm |
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Definition
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis |
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Term
| Posterior Compartment of Arm |
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Definition
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
Brachiradialis |
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Definition
Saddle Joint:
Elevation/Depression
Protraction/Retraction
Ratation |
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| Acromioclavicular Joint Ligaments |
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Definition
Acromioclavicular Ligament
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Coracoarcromial Ligament |
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Term
| Sternoclavicular Joint Ligaments |
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Definition
Anterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
Interclavicular Ligament
Costoclavicular Ligament |
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Definition
Plane Joint:
Rotation
Gliding |
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| Attachment of Synovial Membrane on Glenohumeral Joint |
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Definition
| From glenoid labrum to edge of the articular cartilage on head of humerus |
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| Intertubular Diverticulum of Synovial Membrane |
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Definition
| extension of synovial membrane and cavity around the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove |
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| Ligaments of the Glenohumeral Joint |
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Definition
Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
Middle Glenohumeral Ligament
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament |
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Definition
SITS:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis |
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Definition
| Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament |
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Definition
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| Middle Glenohumeral Ligament |
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Definition
| Superior Glenohumeral Ligament |
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Elevation
Upward Rotation
Abduction |
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Depression
Downward Rotation
Adduction |
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Definition
Axilla:
1. Humerus
2. Latissimus Dorsi
3. Teres Minor
4. Subscapularis
5. Serratus Anterior
6. Pectoralis Major |
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Definition
Brachial Plexus
Axillary Vein and Artery
Axillary lymph nodes
Fat |
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Definition
Bound By:
Teres Major Teres Minor Humerus and Long Head of Triceps Brachii.
Contains: Axillary Nerve |
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Definition
| Bound by: Teres Major Teres Minor and Long Head of Triceps Brachii |
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| Dorsal Scapular and Long thoracic nerves |
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| Suprascapular and Nerve to Subclavius |
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