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Test 1 Micro
Chapters 1-6
70
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
02/06/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
bacteria
Definition
single-cell prokaryotic organism.
Term
Microbiology
Definition
the study of microorganisms.
Term
archaea
Definition
prokaryotic cells that lack the polysaccharide.
peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Term
eukarya
Definition
eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organelles
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
a belief that living organisms came from non-living material
Term
Leeuwnhook
Definition
"Father of Microbiology"
first to view microorganisms.
Term
Hooke
Definition
created a crude microscope and coined the term "cells"
Term
Semmelweis
Definition
realized that doctors who went from performing autopsies to delivering babies, transmitted life-threatening diseases.
important to hand-washing.
Term
Lister
Definition
stated that sterilizing instruments helped prevent disease from spreading.
Term
Pasteur
Definition
defeated spontaneous generation.
also, pasteurization.
Term
Koch
Definition
developed ways of studying bacteria in the lab with his four set program.
Term
Jenner
Definition
created a vaccination against small pox using cowpox
Term
Fleming
Definition
discovery of penicillin in 1920s from the mod penicillum.
Began field of chemotherapy.
Term
mycology
Definition
the study of fungi.
Term
bacteriology
Definition
the study of bacteria and their diseases.
Term
Parasitology
Definition
the study of parasites and the diseases they cause
Term
virology
Definition
the study of viruses and how they are formed.
Term
emerging disease
Definition
a disease that is not new, but is occurring more frequently.
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
A. agent must be found in every case
B. isolated in pure culture
C. inocculation should produce the same disease in other animals
D. Should be able to isolate organism again from diseased animals
Term
Resolution
Definition
whether or not two objects can be distinguished as separate objects under the microscope
Term
Microscopy
Definition
using electrons or light to magnify objects
Term
light microscopy
Definition
can go up to 1000x by using light waves
Term
bright field
Definition
light is transmitted directly through the specimen and around it
Term
dark field
Definition
light is not transmitted through the specimen but rather is reflected at an angle.
light specimen on dark background.
Term
phase contrast
Definition
has ability to show tiny differences in how much light is bent when traveling through the specimen.
used for organisms that cant be stained.
Term
electron microscopy
Definition
uses beams of electrons rather than light rays.
only way to view images less that 1um.
shows fine details, but rather large.
Term
Scanning electron microscopy
Definition
3D images of surface.
electron microscope.
Term
Transmission electron microscopy
Definition
view inside of the cell.
electron microscope.
Term
Staining
Definition
using color dyes in light microscopy to make organisms easier to identify
Term
Steps in staining
Definition
A. make a smear
B. Heat fix
C. add a dye and rinse
Term
simple stain
Definition
one dye is used to color the bacteria
Term
negative stain
Definition
repelled from bacteria. Background is stained.
Term
Differential stain
Definition
uses more than one stain to differentiate bacteria or structures.
Gram stain, Ziehl Nielsen stain.
Term
Ziehl Neelson acid-fast stain
Definition
used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis retains the red stain because of a lipid in the cell wall
Term
Gram stain steps
Definition
A. primary stain
B. mordant
C. decolorizer
D. counterstain
Term
Coccus/Cocci
Definition
a round bacteria shape.
Term
Bacillus/Bacilli
Definition
rod-shaped bacteria
Term
Spirilla/Sprirochete
Definition
wavy and corkscrew shaped bacteria
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
describes the ability for bacteria to change shape and size to adapt to a different environment.
Term
Strepto-
Definition
a chain of bacteria
Term
Diplo-
Definition
two bacteria's together.
Term
Staphylo-
Definition
a cluster of bacteria
Term
Vibro
Definition
a curved rod of bacteria.
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
external to the cell wall.
layer of polysaccharides and peptides that keep cells from drying out
Term
capsule
Definition
dense gel bound tightly to the cell.
anti-phagocytize bacteria.
Term
Slime layer
Definition
usually thinner and not bound tightly.
adherence, to bind cells together, traps nutrients
Term
flagella
Definition
attached to cell wall and cell membrane
Term
monotrichous
Definition
1 flagella
Term
lophotrichous
Definition
2 or more flagella
Term
peritchous
Definition
flagella all around the periphery
Term
amphitrichous
Definition
1 flagella at both ends
Term
Taxis
Definition
a movement from the flagella that occurs in response to a stimulus.
Term
Pili
Definition
hairlike extensions that are actually a type of fimbria.
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
usually shorter hairlike extensions for attachment
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
made of alternating sugars (NAM and NAG) that are cross-linked through peptide bonds.
Term
gram positive bacteria
Definition
up to 90% of cell wall is peptidoglycan network.
Term
Teichoic acid
Definition
a glycerol-sugar compound.
negative charges, anchor cell wall to cell membrane.
Term
Acid fast bacteria
Definition
cell wall is 60% fat. will stain positive with gram reaction.
Term
gram negative bacteria
Definition
only 20% peptidoglycan.
outer membrane of fat the contains lipopolysaccharides (lipid A), that can act as endotoxins.
Term
periplasm
Definition
space between inner membrane and outer fat membrane in gram negative bacteria.
contains peptidoglycan and many enzymes.
Term
lipolysaccharide layer
Definition
a phospholipid layer with sugar. plays an important role in endotoxic shock.
Term
nucleoid
Definition
no nuclear membrane. one circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane.
Term
plasmids
Definition
other smaller circles of DNA that often code for plasma membrane proteins
Term
inclusions
Definition
not membrane bound in cytoplasm
Term
metachromatic granules
Definition
inorganic phosphate reserve for ATP synthesis.
Term
endospores
Definition
inside of bacterial cells.
dehydrated portion with special chemicals make it resistant.
Term
sporulation
Definition
formation of an endospore
Term
Germination stage
Definition
when conditions are favorable for endospores, they break down their coat is this stage.
Term
ribosomes
Definition
smaller than eukaryotic cells (70s)
used to translate mRNA into proteins
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod-shaped prokaryotic cells.
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