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| the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. |
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-scouts fan out from troops and look for enemies, scouting out what's in the environment, in a social sense (how the government looks at the practices of individuals, common but threatening, looking into houses)
-of industry--> 19th century found kids working all day in factories |
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-important character in sanitary movement in 19th century, and opposed by real estate and other business interests
-1842 report laid out the living conditions of poor in urban England, everyone was reading it
-argues that deaths from filth is greater than deaths from wounds in war |
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-the scientific demonstration that microorganisms cause diseases and multiply in the body
-was the result of 19th century bacteriology and microscopy on the laboratory and on animal experiments
-living microorganisms move from host to host to reproduce during which they can cause diseases for humans, plants, and animals |
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-French chemist considered founder of bacteriology
-discovered that rapid heat treatments neutralized microorganisms (pasteurization)
-aided in public health by finding ways to kill bacteria and prevent bacterial disease
-developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies |
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-organisms that cause disease
-particular kinds always cause particular diseases (specificity)
-immunization used to strengthen immune system to resist these |
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-method for culturing bacteria
-in glassware
-level of simplification of the system under study, so that the investigator can focus on a small number of components
-can sometimes be very challenging to extrapolate from the results |
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-in live animals/organisms
-better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject |
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-conducting clinical research in a germ-free setting
-chief figure was Ignaz Semmelweiss
-reduce risk of infection and bacteria spread |
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-determined that doctors who did not wash hands after autopsies were spreading diseases to expecting mothers (caused 3:1 mother deaths in child birth)
-introduced strict cleanliness in hospitals to require doctors to wash hands (antisepsis)
-views on antisepsis were dismissed until Pasteur explained contagion in 1880s |
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-advances in technology helping in health care
-mens body size increase more than 100% in US UK and Europe since 1800s
-ongoing/continuous process
-people are living longer and better because we have gained control over our physical environment |
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-intermediary items of physical connection like infected clothes, bed clothes, and eating utensils
-way that chemical toxins spread to people |
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-cleaning up the city
-began in England and came later in Europe and US b/c of cholera epidemic
-means "engineering the environment": paved streets, storm drains and street cleaning, human waste removal, etc. all measures had favorable impact on health |
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| The Bacteriological Revolution |
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| -beginning in the 1870's, involved the discovery that sub-microscopic organisms were the main cause for disease. |
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-wrote Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality
-credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age
-considered as one of the first experts in epidemiology, since his famous book was concerned mostly with public health statistics |
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-best known for influential views on population growth and the need for population control
-offered Principle of Population: if reproduction is not controlled then pop will increase geometrically whereas agriculture and food supply can only grow linearly
-cleric in Church of England, practice sexual resistance and marry late |
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-coincides with a new relation b/w government and subject/citizen based on facts
-information collected to express mortality rates and ratios |
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-court case that validated the constitutionality of federal regulation of interstate commerce under the commerce clause
-strengthened federal control over the economy but swatted away the federal governments involvement in health matters |
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-infectious disease spread by pathogens
-transmitted through food and water (discovered by John Snow)
-huge epidemic in Europe cities
-vaccine developed by Pasteur |
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-doctors wash hands in this solution to prevent spread of bacteria
-added to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water
-prevent spread of waterborne disease |
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-the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay
-moderate amounts of it prevent tooth decay |
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-book by Nancy Tomes
-public health turned to the moralization of personal habits especially in relation to the spread of TB |
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-dissemination of health messages became urgent under the new regime of germ theory
-magazines, books, posters, etc
-help people be sanitary in the correct manner |
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-duty as a citizen to be clean
-helps community as a whole if all citizens are being responsible |
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| elimination communication |
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-means teaching mothers to potty train infants, requires steady discipline, parents learn to accept failure along the way
-practice in which a caregiver uses timing, signals, cues, and intuition to address an infant's need to eliminate waste
-eliminates spread of bacteria in waste |
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-people pay to see 6 boys who were cured of rabies by Pasteur
-sensation of these rescued boys introduced many Americans to germ theory and the potential of the new public health |
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-a receptacle made for spitting into, especially by users of chewing and dipping tobacco
-help prevent spitting on sidewalks and in public to prevent spread of tuberculosis
-public posters, criminalized for spitting in public |
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-In the work of Foucault, the style of government that regulates populations through "biopower" (the application and impact of political power on all aspects of human life)
-focus on how sex affects population |
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-the stock of competencies, knowledge, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value
-requires social unity so that productive units can achieve complex goals |
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