Term
|
Definition
-toxic clouds arising from decaying organic matter ex: dead animals/people, garbage, waste, etc
-Northern Italian responded by reducing sources of this- cleaning streets and markets, decaying food, rags, and old bedding burned. HUGE sign of government change
-Hippocratics had no concept of the community being infected by inhaling this waste... how contagion starts
-in greek medical theory nothing is spread from person to person, epidemics are from this gassy matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strict isolation of those infected with a contagious disease to prevent the spread
-failed when England used it against cholera, opposed by business interests because it restrained trade
-Northern Italian response that resembled public health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large swelling near groin and thigh or under armpit
-similar symptom that appeared on people over several seas and countries
-showed how air and sea travel can spread disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-action done with chewing tobacco
-spreads influenza and tuberculosis
-sign of public health because of public service posters warning people not to do this action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one of the earliest public health lessons we are taught
-action done after using the toilet
-prevents spread of germs
-early public service posters as a sign of public health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-greek god of medicine who heals others with his wand/staff that has a snake around it. The snake sheds its skin signifying eternal renewal
-ill people would sleep in temple with snakes and dream then describe it to the priest who would interpret it to make a decision for proper treatment
-dog licking cured people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-square or rectangle with marble, wood, or other stone seats. Slot in front for sponge insertion
-public: multi seat, flushed with excess water, gutter with running water (cesspits), could spread disease
-private: one or two seats, located in courtyards, gardens, under stairways, in/near kitchens, flushed manually with bucket of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a set of government organized practices to ensure the health of national populations
-began in 14th century Europe then spread to rest of world
-can be simple hygiene rules as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-piping system that took water from a supply, gravitational flow with water collecting in central points
-removal of impurities was achieved via settling tanks which were incorporated along the water supply line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ancient Greek founder of school of medicine
-first to approach medicine like "how do you get ___ disease?"
-illness due to imbalance in health not because of sin
-body made of juices/humors (phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, and blood) can sort patients by most dominant humor
-keep humors balanced to stay healthy, can affect balance by food, exertion, climate, water, or air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wrote the thinning diet
-talks about thinning the blood, not losing weight
-early sign of public health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first pandemic in eastern roman empire
-government organized corpse disposal with was a notable advantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-disease showing lesions on the skin
-Leviticus tells story of priest calling ill person clean or unclean and shall dwell alone and wear torn cloths and cry "unclean unclean"
-disease seen as result of sin
-physical disease that could not be cleaned, separated from others, spiritual practice not by doctors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-listings of diseases and casualties for the week/year
-done in London in 1665 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wrote aqueducts of rome
-water commissioner for roman empire in 1st century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-greek theory, 4 in the body
-blood, yellow bile, black bile, blood
-everyone has a unique dominant, ones unique balance of them is called their constitution
-over eating or drinking can cause imbalance
-greeks rarely did dissection because not concerned with internal physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-charitable leper houses/hosptials
-northern Italian resemblance of public health- erection of these beyond wall of the city- provisions, medicines, young doctors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-named by historian Sheldon Watts
-futile, but strong measures were applied in plague-stricken cities to restrain social inferiors and prevent political change
-practice of italian civic authorities to control urban civilizations
-extracted people from homes without knowing what was spreading the plague |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"the lady with the lamp"
-brought 38 nurses and sanitary measures to wounded british soldiers after losses in Crimean war
-made recommendations for improvement of sanitation and health services in the army. firm believer in fresh air
-used graphical methods to display statistics to members of parliament before statistical data was even common in development of policy documents
-number people dying of disease was equal to dying of wounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3rd book of pentatauch, priestly legal text, not a narrative
-priests concern was for worshippers to maintain the condition of holiness (pure, clean) in worship
-story of leprosy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -diseases that are unusual or unusually intense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -diseases that are always present in a locale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-epidemic diseases that spread over an unusually wide geographic area and affect an exceptionally high proportion of the population
-most common agents= armies, sailors, traders, pilgrims
-can burn out by killing all hosts or the pathogen can moderate its virulence to attain a state of endemicity
Ex: influenza, avian flu, AIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-diseases that newly appear in a population with little or no familiarity with it
ex: west nile (with pandemic spread) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -physician identifies an illness by name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-physicians prediction of an illnesses development and outcome
-greek physicians were hired in small numbers to give these predictions of diseases in cities based upon the study of environmental circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"rule, code"
-the practice of controlling for disturbing factors in one's environment that could upset humoral balance: avoidance of extremes of any sort, moderate work, regular exercise, careful diet, limited drink and sex, self-knowledge of ones own body
-only wealthy leisured Greeks and Romans could practice these faithfully |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-emptied into nearby river or several flat plains
-problems: no traps so water/waste can flow back into home, clogging and back then you had to physically shovel it to unclog, backup at exit point, entry for vermin
-preferred options: cesspits, street dumping, ditches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-solely hygienic purposes during Republic era of ancient rome
-transformed during principate era: socializing, gambling, exercise, handsomely decorated, hair removal and massages
-oil flasks and strigils for cleaning (right idea for back in the day)
-maintain cleanliness, alleviate some disease symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not having sufficient means to maintain life, not having minima of food and shelter
-series of these were common during 1315-50
-short crops leading to starvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an 1267 law established in England that tied the price and size of bread to the price of wheat so that bakers would not set prices artificially high
-price of ale was tied to the price of wheat, barley, and oats to keep beer prices in order
-wary of merchants who adulterated (replaced ingredients)
-officials examined markets to make sure products were good and wholesome and sold at proper prices
-continued into Elizabetarian era, ties with modern FDA efforts but FDA doesn't regulate price |
|
|
Term
| convergence of disease pools |
|
Definition
-a limited geographic area that encloses a populations endemic diseases
-in modern times all of these breached or are in the process of being breached |
|
|
Term
| the healing power of nature |
|
Definition
-nature is the best physician
-greek physicians in ancient period avoided harsh medicines and instead waited on the body to heal itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bubonic plague in Europe
-many acts of public health taken to stop it
-huge loss of population from deaths |
|
|
Term
| medical board (board of health) |
|
Definition
| -Northern Italian responses resembling public health included this, had powers of coercion and taxation, members were laymen using commercial methods applied to disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cholera bacteria
-spread by fecal matter in water and food
-colonize in intestine to produce toxin that attacks the intestinal lining and alters osmotic balance
-most killed by stomach acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-whole neighborhoods of general infection, densities of urban occupancy highest ever observed in Europe
-sealing these off proved successful in cholera efforts |
|
|
Term
| communicable vs contagious disease |
|
Definition
-other term for infectious disease
-ex: cholera, only 1/100 infected develop severe symptoms, 90+ percent are asymptomatic carriers
-contagious is subset category of infectious diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-human concentrations of people in poor sections of English cities
-became epidemic streets
-high densities causes lots of germs and infection and famine |
|
|
Term
| engineering the environment |
|
Definition
-"the sanitary movement" of England 1840s-1880s
-pave and wash the streets paving, remove garbage and dung regularly, seal off sewers, pipe in clean water, increase the number of windows in houses, remove animal/human and industrial waste, push noxious industries out of residential areas
-copied by other countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-supports genetics of diseases, explains why some people have breast cancer, chrones disease, etc. more than others
-opposite of social determinants of heath
-emphasis on the social dimensions of cholera, search for factors in the population such as poverty, poor nutrition, heredity
-emphasized a need to raise income levels, provide better housing and improve diets of the poor and to raise workers awareness of their needs (a politically radical agenda that threatened the status quo and would involve shifts in distribution of national income)
-poverty was a cause of illness, must redistribute wealth
-miasmatiss= illness cause poverty, must clean up environment |
|
|
