closer to the joint of attachment

ex. the elbow is proximal to the hand

farther away from the point of attachment

ex.  the hand is distal compared to the elbow

towards the tail

does not apply to humans

right and left planes

vertical line

superior and inferior planes

top and bottom

• Composed of hair, skin, nails and billions of cells
• Protects inner structures from pathogenic material, keeps a normal temperature, provides heat, alleviate some waste (sweat)
• Produces Vitamin D

• Composed of bones and cartilige
• Provides sturucture and help with movement through joints, produces RBCs and WBCs in the marrow
• 206 bones

• All over the body
• Controls movement- uses oxygen and glucose for cellular respiration or contractile force
• It's the only tissue that can contract 

• CONTROL CENTER-through conduction (electrical impulses
• Nerves carry out actions
• Neurons- transport the information around and to the brain
• Central- brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral- everything else (limbs)

• Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood stream and adrenal glands that release adrenaline
• Works with nervous system to help with growth and development, metabolism, reaction to stimlui, sleep patterns, hunger, mood, etc.

• Consists of heart- which acts as a pump (Blood flow through body and lungs)- and veins and arteries
• regulates endurance
• controls blood pressure

• Lungs, diaphram, trachea
• allows mechanism for taking O2 in and putting CO2 out (cellular respiration)
• diffuses O2 into blood through capillaries within alveoli

• From the mouth to the anus- mouth, esophagus, small and large intestine, stomach
• supplies nutrients to the body- lipids, carbs, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, nucleic acid
• alleviates solid waste
• nutrient absorbment takes place in the sm. intestine

• Consists of the bladder, kidneys, urethra, ureters
• filter blood of nitrogenous waste
• maintins fluid, pH, mineral, and electrolyte levels

Cranial (brain)

Vertabral (spinal cord)

Thoracic- pericardial (heart), mediasitum (trachea, heart) nnnnnnnl right and left pleural (lungs)

Abnominal (digestive)

Pelvic (urinary)

Posterior- Meninges (3)

Anterior- Serous

Layer 1: Visceral layer- in contact with the organ itself

Layer 2: Serous fluid- similar fluid as fluid found between other layers in other cavities

Layer 3: Parietal Layer- the outer most layer

head

neck

trunk: thorax, abdomen

atom
molecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism 

an ever greater change in the same direction

ex. heart attack

the mechanism that works to keep the body at homeostatic levels

the sensor: detects a change and signals the regularoty system (input)

the regulatory center: recognizes the values outside of the normal range and activates the effector (CNS- processing)

an effector: recieves the info and reverses the change (output)

ex. home heating system

nervous system

endocrine system

cranial:  brain

vertabral:  spinal cord

• thoracic:
• mediasitum- trachea, heart
• pericardial- heart
• pleural- lungs

• abdominal:  abdomen, digestive system

• pelvic: pelvis, urinary system

serous:

 1) visceral layer- in contact with the organ, protects abcorgan, reduces friction

2) serous fluid- found between the two layers, cusions abcthe organs

3) parietal layer- the outermost layer, reduces friction abcbetween organ and cavity walls, serves as abcprotection

carbs: monosaccharids (simple sugars)

lipids: phospholipids, fatty acid chain, glycerol group

proteins: amino acids

nucleic acid: nucleotides

a concentration of solutes in a solution

(salt in water)

regulates neural cell communication

/.\  \./

cell develops

DNA replicates

chromatin will wind up and become chromosomes

nuclear membrane begins to disappear

centrioles and spindle fibers appear

neucleolus disappears

chromosomes line up on the equator

chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

centromeres split

chromosomes begin to move to opposite poles

spindles shorten

chromosomes will unravel into chromatin

cell membrane begins to pinch in in the middle- forming clevage

membranes will begin to form

[image]

when a cell has more of a certain organelle than usual to help preform its tasks

ex: lysosomes in WBCs or sperm cells

mitochondria in sperm cells or muscle cells

the making of proteins

1. the DNA gets transcribed into mRNA
2. mRNA leaves nucleus and goes through the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
3. the amino acids (proper ingredients) are then brought to the ribosomes by the tRNA
4. the amino acids are linked and are connected by peptide bonds
5. they become a polypeptide chain, or the protein

• ATP is produced (adenosine tri-phosphate)
• 38 molecules of ATP from 1 glucose molecule
• occurs in the mitochondria

the inner membrane is highly folded to allow for more surface area for chemical reactions to take place

semi-permeable membrane allows glucose in and ATP out

stage 1 of cellular respiration

•glucose is broken down into pyruvate

•carbs also converted

•makes 2 molecules of ATP

•anerobic

stage 2 of cellular respiration

series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules in anerobic respiration

2 molecules of ATP produced

3rd stage of cellular respiration

aerobic respiration

large amounts of ATP (34 moleclues) is produced in an "etc"

•universal solvent- aids in ionization of salts and electrolytes within the body: it's polar

•cohesive- allows blood vessels to be filled; even distribution throughout the body: it's polar and it's held together by hydrogen bonds

•high heat of vaporization- resistant to small change in temperature: