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Terminology
Test 3: Ch.11
145
Medical
Undergraduate 1
04/02/2009

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Term
ana-
Definition
upward, toward
Term
homo-
Definition
same
Term
iso-
Definition
equal
Term
macro-
Definition
large
Term
micro-
Definition
small
Term
pro-
Definition
forward, proceeding
Term
aden
Definition
gland
Term
aut
Definition
self
Term
bacter
Definition
bacteria
Term
blast
Definition
germ or bud (also a suffix)
Term
erythr
Definition
red
Term
hem, hemat
Definition
blood
Term
immun
Definition
exempt; immunity
Term
leuk
Definition
white
Term
lymph
Definition
clear water or liquid
Term
mon
Definition
one
Term
path
Definition
disease
Term
poikil
Definition
irregular
Term
splen
Definition
spleen
Term
staphyl
Definition
grape-like clusters
(staphylococcus bacterium)
Term
strept
Definition
twisted or gnarled
(streptococcus bacterium)
Term
therm
Definition
heat
Term
thromb
Definition
clot
Term
thym
Definition
wart-like; thymus gland
Term
tox
Definition
poison
Term
-crit
Definition
to separate
Term
-cyte
Definition
cell
Term
-emia, -hemia
Definition
condition of blood
Term
-lysis
Definition
to dissolve
Term
-osis
Definition
conditon of
Term
-penia
Definition
abnormal reduction in number
Term
-pexy
Definition
surgical fixation; suspension
Term
-phil, -philia
Definition
loving, affinity for
Term
-phylaxis
Definition
protection
Term
-poiesis
Definition
formation
Term
immunity
Definition
the status of being immune, or successfully resistant to infection
Term
leukocytes
Definition
blood cells specializing in protecting the body from infection; also called white blood cells
Term
lymph
Definition
a yellowish fluid channeled through lymphatic capillaries , vessels, and trunks; similar in composition to plasma
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
pea-sized organs filled with white blood cells that filter out foreign materials from the lymph;
nodes that are actively fighting an infection often swell, producing swollen glands used for a diagnosis
Term
lymphatic capillaries
Definition
microscopic, blind-ended vessels into which interstitial fluid diffuses; they are present in most tissues and often parallel blood capillaries.
Term
lymphatic nodules
Definition
clusters of lymphatic tissue, composed of white blood cells that are embedded within the walls of the large intestine; aslso known as Peyer's patches.
Term
lymphatic trunks
Definition
large vessels that carry lymph to the subclavian veins near the heart.
Term
lymphatic vessels
Definition
vessels that carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to trunks; they are similar in structure to veins, and link lymph nodes to form a chain that leads toward the heart.
Term
lymphocyte
Definition
type of white blood cell that plays the primary role in conferring immunity and forms the bulk of lymphatic tissue; includes T cells and B cells
Term
pathogen
Definition
any organism that causes disease
Term
thymus gland
Definition
the soft organ located in the chest superior to the heart in which some white blod cells (T) become mature before entering the circulation; part of endocrine system
Term
toxin
Definition
a poisonous substance produced by a cell or tissue that affects various parts of the body
Term
anti-body
Definition
protiens released by activated B cells (plasma cells), which selectively bind to antigens during an immune response
Term
antigen
Definition
any foreign substance, usually a protien, against which an immune response is directed;
"antibody-generating"
Term
basophil
Definition
a white blood cell that responds to antigens by releasing substances including histamine and serotonin, which cause inflammation.
Term
B cell
Definition
one fo two types of lymphocytes, B cells respond to an infection by secreting antibodies which rewuire activation by a helper T cell;

B cell activity = acquired immune response
Term
blod clot
Definition
a combination of protien fibers and trapped blood cells produced to slow or stop blood loss after an injury
Term
coagulation
Definition
the process of blood clot formation
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
a dissolved protien in blood that is the precursor for fibrin, which is the main protein component in a blood clot.
Term
neutrophil
Definition
white blood cells that figh tinfection by phagocytizing unwanted foreign particles
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
process of "cell eating", during which a particle is ingested into the ells cytoplasm and digested.
Term
plasma
Definition
the liquid portion of blood
Term
platelets
Definition
cell fragments in the blood that faciltate the formation of blood clots; also called thrombocytes
Term
serum
Definition
the portion of plasma after fibrinogen has been removed
Term
spleen
Definition
a soft, oblong organ located lateral and slightly posterior to the stomach in the abdominal cavity; it serves as a storage site for red blood cells and white blood cells
Term
T cell
Definition
type of lymphocyte that mounts an immune response that includes activation of other white blood cells, direct distruction of foreign cells, and establishment of a memory of the infection to creat immunity.
T cell= innate immune response
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
the ain lymphatic trunk, located alongside the aorta as it extends from the diaphragm behind the heart; it unites with the left subclavian vein, where it channels about three-quarters of the body's lymph drainage into the bloodstream
Term
tonsils
Definition
small moval organs in the throat region that are filled with white blood cells that fight infection; they include one pharyngeal tonsil in the upper throat which are called adenoids and swell with infection. two palatine tonsils near the union of the oral cavity and throat, and two lingual tonsils at the back of the tongue.
Term
anisocytosis
Definition
presence of red blood cells of unequal size
Term
bacteremia
Definition
presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
Term
erythropenia
Definition
abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
Term
hemolysis
Definition
rupture of the red blood cell membrane
Term
hemmorrhage
Definition
loss of blood from the circulation
Term
macrocytosis
Definition
abnormally large-sized red blood cells
Term
poikilocytosis
Definition
large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
Term
polycythemia
Definition
abnormal increases in the number of erythrocytes in the blood
Term
spenomegaly
Definition
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
Term
toxemia
Definition
prescence of toxins in the blood stream
Term
AIDS
Definition
acquired immune deficiency syndrome

cause by HIV, which disables the immune response by destroying mainly helper T cells (needed for activaqtion of B cells). Loss of protection allows infections to proliferate, and eventually cause death.
Term
allergy
Definition
response to an allergen, which is an antigen that produces a hypersensitivity reaction that includes immediate inflammation but does not elicit other immune responses; Most common allergies are 'hay fever' which affect the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, skin or areas that came into contact with the allergen
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
immediate reaction to an antigen that includes rapid inflammation and system-wide smooth muscle contractions
Term
anemia
Definition
reduced ability of red bloods cells to deliver oxygen to tissues resulting from a reduction of circulating RBC's, the amo9unt of hemaglobin, or the volume of RBC's; common formas are aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, pernicious anemia
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
anemia characterized by the failure of red bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Term
autoimmune disorder
Definition
any one of the several diseases that are caused by a person's own immune response attacking otherwise healthy tissues, including rheumatoid artheritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis
Term
botulism
Definition
a for mof poisoning cause by theingestion of food contaminated with the toxin produced by bacterium Clostridium botulinum
Term
diphtheria
Definition
a diseas causaed by a bacterium and its toxin, resulting in inflammation of mucous membranes, primarily in the mouth and throat.
Term
dyscrasia
Definition
general term for abnormal condition of the blood.
Term
erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
a blood disorder resulting from incompatibility between a fetus with Rh+ blood and it'smother with Rh- blood, which cause the desruction of fetal red blod cells, and requres blood transfusions to save the fetus. AKA Rh Mismatch of hemolytic disease of newborn
Term
fungemia
Definition
a fungal infetion distributed by way of the blood stream.
Term
gas gangrene
Definition
te infection of a wound caused by various anaerobic bacteria that produces a fermentation gas, necrosis, and septicemia
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
inherited disorder that results in an excessive accumulation of iron deposits in the body
Term
hemophilia
Definition
an inherited bleeding disorder that results from defective blood clotting protiens involved in blood coagulation
Term
Hodgkin's disease
Definition
cancer of lymphatic tissue, characterized by the progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, faqtigue, and deficiency of the immune response
Term
immunodeficiency
Definition
a conditon resulting from a defective immune response
Term
immunosuppression
Definition
reduction of an immune response cause by disease of, int he case of organ transplants, by the use of chemical, pharacologic, physical, or immunologic agents
Term
infection
Definition
a multiplication of disease causing micro-organisms
Term
inflammation
Definition
swelling of body tissue caused by the movement of plasma into the extracellular space to produce edema, or fluid accumulation in the tissue.
Term
influenza
Definition
a viral disease characterized by a temporary inflammation of mucous membranes and fever. Commonly called "the flu", it is highly contagious and the virus is capable of mutating to escape B & T cells.
Term
iron deficiency anemia
Definition
anemia that is caused by a lack of iron, which results in smaller red blood cells containing deficient levels of hemoglobin.
Term
leukemia
Definition
cancer of the red bone marrow, which is blood forming tissue.
Term
lymphadenitits
Definition
inflammation of the lymph nodes
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
literally, disease of the lymph nodes; mthis general term is often applied to a syndrome, lymphadenopathy syndrom (LAS), which is persistent swelling of the lymph nodes that often precedes the onset of AIDS.
Term
lymphoma
Definition
tumor originating in lymphatic tissue
Term
malaria
Definition
a disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells, which is carried by Anopheles mosquitos; it is characterized by periodic fevers and fatigue
Term
mononucleosis
Definition
a viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes, sore throat, fever and fatigue.
Term
myelodysplasia
Definition
bone marrow disorder characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells, which usually develops into a form of leukemia
Term
nosocomial infections
Definition
a disorder, usually bacterial infections, contracted during a hopital stay; often due to antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus
Term
pernicous anemia
Definition
anemia caused by an inadequate supply of folic acid (vitamin B12), resulting in red blood cells that are large, varied in shape, and reduced in number.
Term
plague
Definition
any infectious disease of wide spread prevalence or excessive martaility; also refers specifically to an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, characterized by high fever, skin eruptions, internal hemorrhage, and pneumonia AKA bubonic plague
Term
rabies
Definition
a becterial infection spread from the mouth of an infected animal, usually by way of a bite; the bacterium produces a neurotoxin that acts onthe central nervous system, and is highly fatal.
Term
septicemia
Definition
systematic disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood; a person suffering fromthis is refrerref to as "septic"
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
inherited, chronice anemia that is caharacterized by defectie hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become missshapen, resulting in drowsiness, leg ulcerations, fever joint and abdominal pain, and thrombosis
Term
staphylococcemia
Definition
the presence of staphylococcus bacteria in the blood, which is the literal menaing of the term; commonly called a staph infection, it is frequent complication to normal healing and also the mot common cause of food poisoning, skin inflammation, osteomyelitus, and nosocomial infections.
Term
tetanus
Definition
a diease caused by a powerful neurotoxin released by the common becterium Clostridium tetani; the toxin acts upon the central nervous system to cause convulsions and paralysis
Term
thymoma
Definition
a tumor originating in the thymus gland
Term
antibiotic
Definition
therapeutic treatment in which a susbstance with know toxicity to bacteria, which may be obtained from a mold (fungus) or from other bacteria, is administered.; it is efffective only against bacteria, many types of which are capable developing resistance,m especially when they are not administered properly/
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
a chamical agent that reduces the clotting process.
Term
antiretroviral therapy
Definition
application of drugs to battle against a class of viruses that tend to mutate quickly known as retroviruses,(i.e. HIV) also known as combination therapy. the drugs form a cocktail that includes nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors all of which block replication of HIV
Term
attenuation
Definition
a process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation
Term
autologous transfusion
Definition
transfusion of blood donated by a patient for personal use; ths is a common procedure before a surgery to avoid potential incompatability or contamination
Term
blood chemistry
Definition
test or series of tests on plasma to measure the levels of perticular components
Term
blood culture
Definition
a test to determine infection i nthe blood by placing a blood sample on a nutritive media in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis
Term
blood transfusion
Definition
introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood substitute into a patients circulation to restore blood volume to normal levels the twomain types od blood transfusions are autologous and homologous
Term
coagulation time
Definition
timed blood test to determine requried for a blood clot to form;
prothrombin time-- measures the time required for prothrombin to form thrombin.
partial thrombinplastin time--used to evaluate clotting ability
Term
complete blood count
Definition
common lab blood test that provide diagnostic information of a patients general health (CBC), also includes several other test including hematocrit hemaglobin, red blod count & white blood count.
Term
differential account
Definition
microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell using a stained blood smear.
Term
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Definition
a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells fall through a volume of plasma to provide information on their hemoglobin content (ESR); commonly used to evaluate nonspecific systemaqtic inflammation.
Term
hematocrit
Definition
a test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood; abbreviated (HCT or Hct) it is obtained from centrifuging a sample of blood to separate blood cells
Term
hematology
Definition
the general field of medicine focusing on blood-relatd disease.
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
test that measures the level of hemeglobin in red blood cells (HGB)
Term
hemostasis
Definition
stoppage of bleeding
Term
homologous transfusion
Definition
transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person; it requires blood type matching known as crossmatching to prevent incompatibility
Term
imunization
Definition
a procedure that provides immunity against a particular atigen
Term
immunology
Definition
study concerned with immunity and allergy
Term
immunotherapy
Definition
used in the treatment of infectious diseases, it is the use of agents to activiate or strengthen the immune response.
Term
lymph node dissection
Definition
removal of lymph nodes for pathological study to assist in a diagnosis; AKA lymph node biopsy.
Term
lymphadenectomy
Definition
excision of a lymph node
Term
lymphadenography
Definition
the process of x-ray photography of the lymph nodes following an injection of a contrast medium.
Term
lymphadenotomy
Definition
incision into a lymph node
Term
lymphangiography
Definition
x-ray photography of lymphatic vessels follwing injection of contrast medium; (lymphangiogram)
Term
pheresis
Definition
removal of donors blood, which is then separated into blood components, with one portion retained for use and the remainder returned to the donor.
Term
platelet count
Definition
calculation of platelets in blood (PLT)
Term
prophylaxis
Definition
any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or other type of disease.
Term
red blood count
Definition
measures the number of red blood cells per cubic centimeter (RBC)
Term
splenectomy
Definition
excision of the spleen
Term
splenopexy
Definition
surgical fixation of the spleen
Term
thrombolysis
Definition
the process of dissolving a blood clot
Term
thymectomy
Definition
excision of the thymus gland
Term
vaccination
Definition
inoculation of a culture that hasd been reduced virulence as a means of providing a cure or a prophylaxis
Term
vaccine
Definition
any preparation used to activate an immune response
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