Term
Tumor Nomenclature:
Benign and Malignant |
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Definition
Benign: Cell Type and -oma ending
ex.) adenoma = benign glandular tumor
Malignant:
Carcinoma = epithelial origin
Sarcoma = mesenchymal origin |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of differentiation
Ususally seen as something missing from development
ex.) Digeorge Syndrome = Thymic Aplasia from 22q11 deletion |
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Term
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Definition
A variation is size and shape
-numerous atypical nuclei
-high n/c ration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Seeding of body cavities
-ovary, colon and CNS masses
Lymphatic Spread
-typical of carcinomas
Hematogenous Spread
-typical of carcinomas
-often liver or lung |
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Term
| 3 Generic Causes of Cancer |
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Definition
1-Environment
2 - Age
3 - Hereditary |
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Term
Palpatory findings for differentiation of Breast Masses:
Malignant |
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Definition
Malignant:
Hard
Irregular
Poorly Mobile/Fixed
Usually painless
Rapid Growth
Systemic signs |
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Term
Palpatory findings for differentiation of Breast Masses:
Benign |
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Definition
Benign:
Soft
Smooth outline
Freely mobile
Not fixed
+/- Pain
Slow growth
No system signs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of Growth Factor Oncogenes |
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Definition
Sis: overexpressed, PDGR
ex.) astrocytoma
Hst-1: overexpressed, FGF
ex.) osteosarcoma
Int-2: overexpressed, FGF
ex.) stomach, bladder and breast carcinoma |
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Term
| Examples of Growth Factor Receptor oncogenes: |
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Definition
Erb B-1: overexpresed, EGF Receptor
ex.) gliomas
Erb B-2: amplification, EGF Receptor
ex.) breast, ovarian and gastric CA
Ret: point mutation
ex.) Medullary carcinoma of the Thyroid |
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Term
| Examples of Signal Transduction protein oncoges: |
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Definition
Ras: point mutation, GTP binding
ex.) many carcinomas
Abl: translocation, tyrosine kinase
ex.) CML and ALL (bcr:abl = Philadelphia Chromosome) |
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Term
| Nuclear regulatory protein oncogenes |
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Definition
Myc: translocation transcriptional activators
ex.) Burkitt's lymphoma
N-Myc: amplification of transcriptional factors
ex.) neroblastoma & small cell cancer of lung |
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Term
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Definition
Cyclin D: amplification
ex.) breast cancer, esophogeal cancer and some lymphomas |
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Term
| Cancer suppressor genes pt 1 |
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Definition
Loss contributes to neoplasa
Rb: mutation causes increased frequency of retinoblastoma
P53: mutation seen in colon, breast and lung cancer and some sarcomas
Wt: Willm's Tumor
EWS: Ewings Sarcoma |
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Term
| Cancer suppressor genes pt2 |
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Definition
Brca-1: Breast cancer
NF1: schwannoma - neurogenic sarcomas
NF2: schwannoma, meningiomas
APC: colon, gastic and pancreatic cancers |
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Term
| Genes that regulate apoptosis |
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Definition
Bcl-2: follicular lymphomas
-overprotects lymphocytes form apoptosis
P53: triggers aptoptosis
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Term
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Definition
Mutations in DNA repair genes result in an increased risk fo cancer
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma
Xeroderma pigmentosusm: increased risk of skin cancer |
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Term
| Karyotypic changes in tumors |
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Definition
Balanced translocations:
-CML (9:22) or Burkitt's Lymphoma t(8:24)
Deletions: more common in nonhematopoietic tumors
-ex.) Retinoblastoma -del13q
Gene amplifications:
Breast c-erb B-2 |
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Term
| 3 factors influencing cell growth |
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Definition
Kinetics of tumor cell growth
Tumor Angiogenesis
Tumor progressoin and heterogeneity |
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Term
| Kinetics of tumor cell growth: factors |
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Definition
Doubling time:
tumor cells are triggered into cell cycle more readily
Growth Fraction:
proportion of cells in replicative phase
Cell production and loss:
how much cell production is outpacing cell death |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor cells cannot enlarge beyond 1-2mm without being vascularized
FGF and VEGF aid in angiogenesis
Also aids in tumor metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
Invasion of ECM
Detachment of tumor cells
Attachment of tumor cells to matrix
Degradation of ECM
Free tumor cells
Migration |
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Term
| Mechanism of Metastis by type |
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Definition
Carcinomas = lymphatics
Sarcomas = blood |
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