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Terminology frequently used in the Qur’an
From http://ourbeacon.com/?cat=8
118
Religious Studies
Not Applicable
05/21/2010

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Term
Deen دين
Definition
The System of Life = The Divinely Prescribed Way of Life = In a loose sense, ‘religion’, a ritualistic way of life = Any system of life = ‘Religion’ even with a capital R may scarcely come close in meaning to the term Deen.
Term
Salaat
Definition
To follow closely, like a runnersup (Musalli) follows the winning horse (Saabiq) = To follow Divine Commands closely.
Term
Aqimussallat
Definition
Establish the System that facilitates the following of Divine Commands.
Term
Zakaat
Definition
The Just Economic Order where everyone works according to one’s capacity and is compensated according to the needs. People spend on others or give to the Central Authority (Islamic government) whatever is surplus (2:219). And they do so whenever they earn any income (6:141). The System of Zakaat is managed by the Central Authority that ensures the development of the individuals and the society. The 2.5 percent annual mandatory charity is a nonQur’anic concept that trivializes the comprehensive Qur’anic System of Zakaat.
Term
Sadaqaat
Definition
Charity or alms is meant only for the interim period whenever and wherever the Divinely Prescribed System of Life is not yet in place.
Term
Allah wa Rasool
Definition
For Central Authority, the Qur’an uses the terms Allah and Rasool (3:32,4:59). After the exalted Messenger, it is obligatory upon the believers to elect their leadership through a consultative process in a manner suitable for the times.
Term
Tilawah
Definition
Reciting and studying with reflection.
Term
Awliya
Definition
Protecting friends = Allies = Masters.
Term
Maula
Definition
The True Master = Lord Supreme. The extremely common practice of calling a religious leader as Maulana (Our Master) is a frank, deplorable form of Shirk (associating others with God). But the clergy take pride in it! Many verses in the Qur’an tell us that there is no Maulana but God (2:286, 9:51, 10:30, 34:31). It is amazing to note that the Muslim clergy write Maulana with their names, and with their own hands.
Term
‘Ibadah
Definition
Obeying God by serving His creation = Worship? Applies in the sense of ‘worship’ to idols only.
Term
Israaf
Definition
Wasting resources or one’s own ’self’ = Crossing limits = Moving away from moderation = Committing excesses in any aspect of life including Religion = Defying Moral Values given in the Quran = Using intoxicants that waste the human ’self’.
Term
M’asiah
Definition
Rebelling against God and the rightly guided Central Authority = Disobeying the Law = Disruptive behavior = Disobedience of the Word of God and the Messenger as embodied in the Quran = Gambling and usury.
Term
Zulm
Definition
Relegating the Truth or displacing anything from its rightful place = Oppressing people = Violating human rights = Hurting others or one’s own ’self’ = Doing wrong to God’s creatures and environment = Enslaving bodies and minds.
Term
Ifk
Definition
Backbiting = Evil scheming = Defaming = Undue criticism = Fault finding = Slander = Presenting the ‘heard’ as ’seen’ = Alarmist behavior.
Term
Zann
Definition
False assumptions about people = Condemnation without investigation = Slander = Falling for superstitions = Belittling the Truth = Following conjecture = Staying out of touch with reality.
Term
Jurm
Definition
Stealing the fruit of others’ labor = Violating human rights = Being guilty of living subhuman life = Witnessing for falsehood = Depriving others from their rights = Devouring others’ possessions = Not giving share where it is due.
Term
Takabbur
Definition
False pride = Arrogance = Selfglorification = Holding others in contempt = Refusing to learn and unlearn = Insisting on blind following = Refusing to admit fault = Being forward before the Divine Message = Mocking the Truth = Deeming to ‘know it all’ = Considering material goods higher than moral virtue.
Term
Ghill
Definition
Harboring malice in the heart = Failing to forgive people = Looking forward to take revenge = Plotting to hurt physically, financially or emotionally = Being hateful = Opposition for the sake of opposition = Incriminating others for personal grudge.
Term
Ghadhab
Definition
Anger. Letting loose virulent emotions = Succumbing to desire = Yelling at people = Intimidating the weak = Losing selfcontrol = Impulsive attitude.
Term
Bhukhl
Definition
Stinginess = Hoarding = Withholding own wealth and person from serving humanity = Apathy toward the needy = Being greedy.
Term
Laghw
Definition
Wasting precious time = Idle talk = Meaningless assemblies = Conspiring = Senseless play and pastime.
Term
Sadd
Definition
Barring oneself or others from the Path of God = Putting forward human thoughts above the Divine Revelation = Hindering immigration from the domain of evil = Antagonizing the Word of God = Presenting falsehood as Truth = Misleading people with conjecture = Hindering the way to the Divinely ordained System of Life.
Term
Jadal
Definition
Disputation = Argument for the sake of argument = Opposing Divine Revelation = Confusing human thought = Confounding the Truth with rhetoric.
Term
Jinn
Definition
Something hidden, rarely seen. Hence, after using Tasreef, AlJinn = The nomads. Jannah from the same root means a garden hidden in foliage. When the Jinns or nomads move to dwell in towns and become civilized, they are referred to as Ins.
Term
Ins
Definition
Urbanites = Humans including the nomads.
Term
Faasiqoon (singular, Faasiq)
Definition
Those who drift away = Who slip out of discipline = Those who cross the bounds of what is right = Fruit whose seed slips out = One who transgresses Divine Laws and thus becomes vulnerable to desire and extrinsic challenge.
Term
Fisq
Definition
Drifting away from the Commands or from discipline = ‘Sin’ = Disregarding moral values.
Term
Zanb
Definition
Tail = Trailing behind = ‘Sin’.
Term
Sharr
Definition
Harming others or one’s own self. Hurting the good potential in others. Injuring people by any means. Harming the society. Bad conduct = ‘Evil’ = ‘Sin’.
Term
Sayyeh
Definition
Harming others = Disrupting people’s lives = Treating them unfairly = Destabilizing the lives of others = Failing to fulfill their rights = Injustice = Iniquity = Deceiving in business or other dealings = Falling short in discharging duties = Favoritism = ‘Sin’.
Term
‘Amal Su
Definition
Any action that disrupts the lives of others = ‘Sin’
Term
‘Amal Saaleh
Definition
An act of social welfare = Helping others = Increasing the societal potential = Fulfilling needs = ‘Good work’.
Term
Saalehaat
Definition
Actions that increase the capabilities of a person or the society = Setting things right = Helping others.
Term
Saaliheen
Definition
The righteous ones = Those who actualize their ’selves’ = Who increase human potential = Who set things right = They help others = Create balance in the society = Fulfill others’ needs.
Term
Birr
Definition
Works that lead to exponential growth of the ’self’ = Creating room for advancement of all = ‘Good’.
Term
Abraar
Definition
Those who create room for others = Those who create opportunities for others to make progress.
Term
Khair
Definition
A deed or act that endows a person and others with true inner happiness = ‘Good’.
Term
Hasanah
Definition
Creating balance = Any benevolent action = ‘Good’.
Term
Muhsineen
Definition
Doers of good = Benefactors of humanity = Those who create balance in the society.
Term
Tasbeeh from Sabah
Definition
Swim with long strides = Strive hard = Apply oneself to a mission = The non-Qur’anic ‘Rosary beads’.
Term
Nafs
Definition
‘Self’ = ‘I’, ‘Ego’, ‘Personality’, ‘Iamness’, ‘Me’.
Term
Imaan
Definition
Belief = Conviction = Acceptance = Acknowledgement = Embracing the Truth.
Term
Haraj
Definition
Difficulty = Burden = Doubt = Hardship = Blame = Tightness in chest.
Term
Kufr
Definition
Denial or rejection of the Truth = Concealing the Truth = Ingratitude = Choosing to live in the darkness of ignorance = Hiding or covering something = Closing eyes to the light of Truth = Stubborn denial of the Truth = Concealing the Truth = Knowingly oppose the Truth = Uncritical adherence to ancestral views = Trying to be with the majority without discernment.
Term
Kafir
Definition
One given to Kufr = One who adamantly denies the truth = Commonly translated as ‘infidel’ = Derivatively and positively, a farmer who hides the seed under the soil (57:20). Therefore, Kufr or Kafir does not apply to the unaware, anyone to whom the Message has not been conveyed or reached.
Term
Mushrik
Definition
Idolater = Pagan = Anyone who ascribes divinity to other than the One True God = Who associates partners with Him = Who prefers manmade tenets = Who worships idols in any form such as statues, own desire, forces of Nature, any of God’s creation = One who uncritically follows what others do = A blind follower = One who considers men as authorities instead of the Divine Revelation = Anyone who makes lists of Halaal(Permissible) and Haraam (Forbidden) from outside the Qur’an = One who believes in clergy against the Divine Revelation = Who adores saints, political or religious leaders in lieu of God = Who bows or prostrates physically or mentally before any creation = Who promotes themes, dogmas and tenets contrary to the Qur’an.
Term
Shirk
Definition
The act of being a Mushrik = Associating others with God = Accepting human authorities parallel to Divine Revelation = Sectarianism = Idol worship in any form = Being content with manmade systems = Worshiping graves, saints, ancestors or one’s own desire = Blind following or accepting religious information without discernment = Failing to use the Divine Word as the Criterion.
Term
Taqwa
Definition
Seeking to journey through life in security = Protect oneself from disintegration of the personality = Journeying in security = Being careful = Getting empowered against evil = Avoid overstepping the Laws = Exercising caution = Preserving oneself against deterioration = Good conduct = Building character = Live a life upright = Fear the consequences of violating Divine Commands = Being mindful of the Creator = Remaining conscious of the Divinely ordained Values = Taking precaution = Being watchful against error.
Term
Muttaqeen
Definition
Those who walk on a secure path = Those who seek to journey through life in security = Those who live upright = Those watchful against error.
Term
Mukazzibeen
Definition
Rejecters of the Truth = Those who deny the Truth in practice = Those who deny the Truth = Who live by conjecture instead of the unalterable Divine Laws.
Term
Zulm
Definition
To displace something from its rightful place = Replace good with evil = Relegate the truth = Transgression = Oppression = Violation of human rights = Wrongdoing.
Term
Zaalimeen
Definition
Oppressors = Those who hurt themselves or others = Who displace something from its rightful place = Who relegate the Truth = Violators of human rights = Those who prefer to live in the darkness of ignorance = Commonly translated as wrongdoers.
Term
Aadam
Definition
Adam = Man. His wife = Woman. Udma = Ability to live together as a community. Aadam from Udma thus, indicates humankind. The word “Eve” or Hawwa is not mentioned in the Qur’an. She is described with dignity as Mer’atilAadam = Adam’s Zaujah = Wife, Consort, Mate of Adam = Mrs. Adam.
Term
Sajdah
Definition
Prostration = Complete submission = Willful obedience = Utter humility = Adoration = Utmost commitment to Divine Cause = Humbling one’s own self.
Rukoo‘ (Bowing) and Sajdah (Prostration) are not confined to the ritualistic physical motions. They convey a more sublime message of being humble and submitting to God’s Commands.
Term
Khauf
Definition
Fear from without.
Term
Huzn
Definition
Intrinsic depression or grief = Unhappiness = Regret.
Term
Khushoo’
Definition
Being humbly compliant = Sincerely committed = Being devoted to a noble cause.
Term
Sabr
Definition
Patience = Facing adversity with courage = Steadfastness = Resolve = Perseverance in hardship as well as ease.
Term
A’raaf
Definition
The Heights = Heights of intellect = Stature of those endowed with faculty of discernment = The high degrees of those who are better able to distinguish between right and wrong. Singular, ‘Urf = The most elevated part of anything = Easily discernible.
Term
Shi’ra = Sha’oor
Definition
Intellect. Shi’ra is also the Arabic name of the brightest star Sirius in the constellation Canis Major. It was widely worshiped in ancient Middle East. (53:49)
Term
Shafa’ah
Definition
Stand up as witness to the Truth = Intercession = Clearing a falsehood assigned to someone = Defending the truthful.
Term
Shukr
Definition
Thankfulness = Gratitude in word and action = Bring Divine Bounties to the most fruitful use = Sharing one’s wealth and resources with fellow humans = Opposite of Kufr (ingratitude) when the context demands it.
Term
Hudan = Hidayah
Definition
Guidance = Right guidance = A lighted road = Journey with prominent landmarks = A sincere gift = A high rock of identification in the sea = Lighthouse = A fixed sign in the desert.
Term
Zall
Definition
Shade.
Term
Ghamam
Definition
Clouds. Shade of Grace = Being shaded with clouds in the desert is a blessing, hence, Grace.
Term
MannawusSalwa
Definition
God’s sustenance that reaches all members of the community equitably. Literally, it also means delicious fruit (Manna) and fowl or quail meat (Salwa).
Term
Tayyab
Definition
Decent and clean = Of one’s liking = Not forbidden in the Qur’an = Good for mind and body = Pleasant.
Term
Rijz
Definition
Weak, shaky legs = Loss of determination and resolve = Losing individual and collective strength = Becoming lazy = Replacing action with word.
Term
Rijs
Definition
Unclean = Disapproved = Contaminated = Foul = A barrier to moral development.
Term
‘Asa
Definition
Staff = Force = Conviction = Support = A united community holding on to a mission as the five fingers hold on to a cane.
Term
Ihsan
Definition
An act of balance = Restoring symmetry and beauty = Social and individual equity = Selfless service = An act of equity.
Term
Yateem
Definition
Orphan = Who is left alone in the society = Lonely = Without immediate family = Helpless = Derivatively, a widow.
Term
Miskeen
Definition
The needy poor = One with no means to earn livelihood = The disabled = One whose life has stalled for any reason = Jobless = Bankrupt of finances = One whose running business has stalled.
Term
IbnisSabeel
Definition
The needy wayfarer, son of the street, the homeless, the one who travels for assistance, one who seeks asylum against persecution.
Term
La’nah
Definition
Curse = Deprivation of God’s Grace = God’s rejection = Condemnation = Losing citizenship of the Islamic State = To be downgraded = Abasement = Lasting humiliation
Term
Qat’a yadd
Definition
Cutting off the ability. For the socalled cutting of hand, please see 12:31.Yadd = Hand = Ability = Power.
Term
Ithm
Definition
Any action that depletes individual or communal energy = Actions that deplete individual and collective potential = Harming human lives = Lewd behavior = Discouraging productive work = Causing fear or grief by any means = Indulgence in pursuit of pleasure.
Term
‘Udwaan and its derivatives
Definition
Wedge = Creating distance between hearts = Discord = Crossing the bounds of Law = Committing excesses = Deeds beyond decency = Transgressing moral values. Creating wedges of discord between people = Causing dissension = Spreading disorder and corruption = Promoting racial, sectarian and nationalistic hatred.
Term
‘Adu and its derivatives
Definition
Enemy = Wedge = Opponent = Causing remoteness = Divider = Bearer of grudge.
Term
Duniya
Definition
This world = Immediate gains = Short term benefits = Shortsightedness = Disregarding the Law of Cause and Effect = Forsaking the Future.
Term
Aakhirah
Definition
Hereafter = Life to come = Eternity = Long term = Farsightedness = Future = Logical outcome = Tomorrow as built on today.
Term
‘Uqba
Definition
The Life to come = Ultimate destination = The End = Hereafter.
Term
Maseer
Definition
Destination = Journey’s end = Homecoming.
Term
Ghadhab
Definition
Opposite of Blessing = Bitter consequences of misdeeds = Logical results of defying Divine Laws = Physical and mental destitution for defying God = Suffering loss = Incorrectly translated as anger or wrath in relation to God.
Term
Ya ayyuhallazeena aamanu
Definition
is generally, but inaccurately, translated as “O You who believe!”, “O Believers!”, “O You of faith! O Faithfuls!” etc. Firstly, aamanu is a verb. Secondly, attaining belief must be an act consciously undertaken after due reflection and with free will. ‘Passive’ faith such as claiming to be a ‘believer by birth’ has no merit in the Sight of God. See 4:136, 12:108. Also, choosing to believe in Truth is a great blessing of God. Hence, my rendition: O You who have chosen to be graced with belief!
Term
Qadeer or Qaadir
Definition
The Appointer of Laws = Supreme Controller = Able to do all things = Powerful = Almighty = One Who sets due measure for all things.
Term
Shayi
Definition
Thing = Derived meaning, event.
Term
Qaul
Definition
Utterance = Thought = Assertion = Tenet = Attitude = Expression.
Term
Hubb
Definition
Love = Full support = Having a common mission. Loving the Almighty = Following His Commands = Loving His creation = Benefiting others. God’s love = His blessings in both lives.
Term
Ghafarah
Definition
Helmet and armor = Protection = Preservation against deterioration = Forgiveness.
Term
Wakeel
Definition
Advocate, guardian, warder, warden, defender, custodian, responsible for the outcome.
Term
‘Ilm
Definition
Knowledge = Science.
Term
Yasha in reference to God
Definition
Through His Laws = Common mistranslation, ‘as He pleases’.
Term
Bahl
Definition
To leave alone = Let someone hold on to his views = Let others do as they will = Erroneous, but common nonQur’anic term from Bahl, Mubahila = A contest of mutual cursing!
Term
Taair
Definition
Omen = Destiny = Registration of deeds = Fleetfooted horse = Bird.
Term
‘Azaab
Definition
Torment = Chastisement = Punishment = Suffering, as a natural consequence of transgressions according to the Law of Cause and Effect.
Term
Ma’roof
Definition
Virtue = Kindness = All that is good = Declared Ma’roof by the Qur’an.
Term
Munkar
Definition
Vice = Evil = All that is wrong = Declared Munkar by the Qur’an.
Term
Shuhada
Definition
Witnesses = Those who uphold the Truth even with their lives = Those slain in the Cause of God = Commonly translated as martyrs.
Term
Azwaaj
Definition
Spouses, Zaujah is wife and Zauj means husband.
Term
Hoor = Houri
Definition
Modest, intelligent companions, male or female. Unfortunately, this word has been almost invariably translated as ‘gorgeous women with big eyes’. Hoor applies to men and women both. The male gender is Ahwar and the female is Hawra. Again, Hoor = Men and women of vision who are modest and delightful companions.
Term
Khiyaam
Definition
Blessed shady environment, instead of the literal ‘tents or pavilions’.
Term
Shaqq and derivatives
Definition
To split = Fall apart = Schism = Fall into disputes = Opposition = Oppose one another = Splitting of personality = Break apart the unity = Enmity.
Term
Haml
Definition
Pregnancy = Accept = Bear = Interestingly also the opposite meaning: Betraying the trust (33:72).
Term
Haraam
Definition
The above can compare well with Haraam = Forbidden = And the opposite, Sacred. A good example in English is the word CLIP meaning cutting as well as joining.
Term
Halaal
Definition
Permissible.
Term
Jibt
Definition
Baseless mysteries, magic, futuretelling, astrology, clairvoyance, evil eye, good and bad omens, ‘occult’ sciences, amulets, interpretation of dreams and prophecies (except by a prophet), palmreading, soothsaying, superstitions of all kind, demon or jinnpossession of people, exorcism, blowing verses and senseless words on people or in food and drink, counting names on rosaries.
Term
Taaghoot
Definition
Those who, in rebellion to the One True God, claim to have Divine powers or try to portray themselves as His representatives, Sufis, mystics, deceptive priesthood, clergy, tyrants = Those who try to play god.
Term
Tagha
Definition
Rebellion. Idols of stones cannot rebel, hence, they cannot be Taaghoot.
Term
Bayyinaat
Definition
Clear evidences.
Term
Lillah
Definition
For God = For the sake of God = In the Cause of God = Belonging to God = Being subservient to Him = Working to fulfill the Divine Plan.
Term
Saabir
Definition
Steadfast = Persevering = Determined = Patient in ease and adversity.
Term
Qisaas
Definition
The duty of tracing an offender for just recompense.
Term
BaheematulAn’aam
Definition
The herbivorous cattle = Planteating quadrupeds = Livestock.
Term
Azlaam
Definition
Divining arrows = The conjecture of foretelling the future = Raffle = Lottery = Clairvoyance = Dividing things or time for one another through randomly picking up slips of paper.
Term
Fasaad
Definition
Bloody crimes = Spreading corruption in the land = Creating disorder.
Term
Waseelah
Definition
Seeking earnestly = Applying the mind and heart to reach a noble goal.
Term
Zikr
Definition
Reflection = Remembrance = Observation = Reminder = Remembrance = Commemoration = Raise in degrees = Celebrate = Magnify = Give eminence = Taking to heart = Keeping in mind.
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