Four ways to redulate enzymes

- Modify the [substrates] or [products],

- Modify [enzyme],

- Covalent modification of enzymes,

- Modulation of a metabolic pathway

Two ways to modify [enzyme]

Induction/Repression of enzyme synthesis, Regulating enzyme degredation

Zymogen

An inactive enzyme or proenzyme

Two common ways an enzyme is covalently modified

Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation and

Proteolytic cleavage

Five general ways to regulate metablic pathway

- Through the rate-limiting step,

- Feedback ragulation,

- Feed-forward regulation,

- Compartmentalization of enzymes and their

substrates, and

- Through calcium-dependent protein activation by

Calmodulin

Enzymes that are found at rate-limiting steps f pathways are often these types of enzymes

Allosteric enzymes are often found at these points of metabolic pathways

Homotropic effectors

These are typically the substrate molecules of a given enzyme and cause cooperative binding

Allosteric feeback regulation

Occurs when a product downstream in a metabolic pathway modifies the activity earlier in the same pathway

Heterotropic effector

These are non-substrate regulatory molecules that bind to an allosteric site