Term
| Conditional (I would see) |
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Definition
je -ais
tu -ais
il -ait
nous -ions
vous -iez
ils -aient |
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Term
| Conditional perfect (I would have seen) |
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Definition
Conjugate avoir or etre in conditional mood/tense, add past participle
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
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Definition
je -ai
tu -as
il -a
nous -ons
vous -ez
ils -ont |
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Term
| Future perfect (I will have seen) |
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Definition
Conjugate avoir or etre in future mood/tense, add past tense of verb
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
| Near future (I am going to see) |
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Definition
| Present tense of aller + infinitive of action verb |
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Term
| Imperative (commands... you will see) |
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Definition
-er verbs: tu -e
nous -ons
vous -ez
ir/re: regular present tense conjugations
Avoir: tu aie, nous ayons, vous ayez
Etre: tu sois, nous soyons, vous soyez
Savoir: tu sache, nous sachons, vous sachez
Vouloir: tu veuille, vous veuillez |
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Term
| Perfect participle (having seen) |
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Definition
Use the present particle of avoir or etre, add past participle
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
| Compound past tense (passe compose) |
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Definition
Conjugate avoir or etre in present tense, add past participle
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
| Imperfect (an ongoing state of being or a repeated or incomplete action) |
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Definition
Drop the -ons ending from the present indicative nous form of the verb and add the imperfect ending:
je -ais
tu -ais
il -ait
nous -ions
vous -iez
ils -aient |
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Term
Passe simple (literary past tense)
Just be able to recognize/translate |
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Definition
Verbs look weird
Drop infinitive ending, add passe simple ending
je -ai
tu -as
il -a
nous -ames
vous -ates
ils -erent |
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Term
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Definition
Conjugate avoir or etre in the imperfect mood/tense, add past participle
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
Past interior (literary past perfect)
Just be able to recognize/translate |
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Definition
Conjugate avoir or etre in passe simple, add past participle
•When the auxiliary verb is être, the past participle must agree with the subject
•When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object |
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Term
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Definition
| Infinitive of avoir or etre plus the past participle |
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Term
| Present participle (-ing) |
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Definition
Drop -ons from the nous form of the present tense and add -ant.
Etre: etant
Avoir: ayant
Savoir: sachant
Some verbs have different endings when used as a present participle vs. an adjective or noun.
Example: Elle lisait en mangeant.
Do not use this way: Elle est mangeant. <--wrong. |
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Term
| Passive Voice (I am seen) |
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Definition
Conjugate etre (in past or present, whatever is called for), add past participle
*Even less common than in English.
*Avoid using "on" "ce" "se", etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Take the 3rd person plural ils form of the present tense of the verb, drop the -ent ending to find the stem, and add the subjunctive endings.
je -e
tu -es
il -e
nous -ions
vous -iez
ils -ent
*Frequently used after verbs that take "que."
*Verbs and expressions which express someone's will, an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire require the subjunctive.
*Verbs and expressions of emotion or feeling - fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or any other sentiments - require the subjunctive.
*Verbs and expressions of doubt, possibility, supposition, and opinion require the subjunctive.
*Some verbs require the subjunctive ONLY when they are negative or interrogatory. Eg: Croire que, esperer que, savoir que, penser que, etc.
Some conjunctions require subjunctive but others do not. Based on how "doubtful" the conjunction is. Eg: moins que, avant que, pour que, pourvue que, and sans que require the subjunctive. Apres que, pendant que, parce que, alors que, and aussitot que do not.
*A subordinate clause with the negative pronouns ne ... personne or ne ... rien, or the indefinite pronouns quelqu'un or quelque chose, requires the subjunctive.
*After main clauses which contain adjectives like principal, seul, unique, premier, dernier, or any superlative, the subjunctive is optional - it depends on how concrete the speaker feels about what is being said. |
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Term
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Definition
*Use me, te, se, nous, vous, se directly in front of verb.
*Reflexive pronoun precedes verb directly even in inverted constructions.
*Always takes etre as auxiliary verb.
*The past participle agrees with the subject if the reflexive pronoun is a direct object. No agreement if the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object. |
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Term
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Definition
Most verbs conjugated with avoir in compound tenses, EXCEPT:
Reflexive verbs
DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs: descendre*, retourner, mourir, rester, sortir, venier, aller, naitre, devenir, enter, retourner*, tomber, renter*, arriver, monter*, passer* (and variations on these verbs). *These verbs take avoir if they are used as transitive verbs (take direct objects).
For all verbs conjugated with être, the past participle has to agree with the subject in gender and number in all of the compound tenses.
For all verbs conjugated with avoir, the past participle has to agree with the object in gender and number in all of the compound tenses. |
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Term
-yer stem-changing verbs: -ayer (optional), -oyer, -uyer
Eg: essayer (to try), envoyer (to send), nettoyer (to clean), ennuyer (to bore), |
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Definition
je -ie
tu -ies
il -is
nous -yons
vous -yez
ils -ient |
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Term
-er verbs
EG: parler (to speak), donner (to giver), chercher (to look for), depenser (to spend), gouter (to taste), porter (to wear), travailler (to work) |
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Definition
je -e
tu -es
il -e
nous -ons
vous -ez
ils -ent |
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Term
-eler and -eter stem-chaning verbs.
Eg: jeter (to throw), appeler (to call), NOT acheter (to buy) |
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Definition
| For je, tu, il, and ils, the stem has two l's or two t's. Otherwise conjugated like an -er verb. |
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Term
-ir verbs
Eg: batir (to build), nourrir (to feed), remplir (to fill), vieiller (to grow old) |
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Definition
je -is
tu -is
il -it
nous -issons
vous -issez
ils -issent |
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Term
-re verbs
Eg: attendre (to wait), entendre (to hear), perdre (to lose), pretendre (to claim), rendre (to give back), vendre (to sell) |
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Definition
je -s
tu -s
il -
nous -ons
vous -ez
ils -ent |
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Term
-e_er and -é_er verbs
Eg: lever (to wash), considérer (to consider), espérer (to hope), inquiéter (to worry), protéger (to protect), révéler (to reveal) |
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Definition
For -e_er verbs and -é_er verbs, the penultimate e takes on or changes to è.
je lève
tu lèves
il lèves
nous levons
vous levez
ils lèvent
In the future and conditional, the stem change occurs in all conjugations of -e_er verbs, but there is no stem change in the future and conditional forms of -é_er verbs. |
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Term
-ger stem-changing verbs
Eg: manger (to eat), changer (to change) |
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Definition
je -ge
tu -ges
il -ge
nous -geons
vous -giez
ils -gent |
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Term
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Definition
Verbs that end in -cer, like lancer, have a spelling change before endings that begin with the hard vowels a or o. Because c followed by a or o would make a hard c sound (like in cold), the c has to change to ç (c with a cedilla) to keep the c soft (as in cell).
Keep in mind for the "nous" form and imperfect form. |
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Term
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Definition
je suis
tu es
ils est
nous sommes
vous etes
ils sont |
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Term
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Definition
j' ai
tu as
il a
nous avons
vous avez
ils ont |
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Term
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Definition
je vais
tu vas
il va
nous allons
vous allez
ils vont |
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Term
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Definition
je sois
tu sois
il soit
nous soyons
vous soyez
ils soient |
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Term
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Definition
j' aie
tu aies
il ait
nous ayons
vous ayez
ils aient |
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Term
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Definition
j' aille
tu ailles
il aille
nous allions
vous alliez
ils aillent |
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Term
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Definition
j' irais
tu iras
il ira
nous irions
vous iriez
ils iraient |
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Term
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Definition
j' allais
tu allais
il allait
nous allions
vous alliez
ils allaient |
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Term
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Definition
j' irais
tu irais
il irait
nous irions
vous iriez
ils iraient |
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