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Influences chem interactions that affect macromolecular structure and biochemical reactions |
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Reflection of the thermal energy of the molecules in the body |
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Down a temperature gradient |
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Move from an animal to the environment and vice versa |
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Heat energy is lost by... |
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Evaporation, Convection, Conduction, Radiation (4) |
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An organism's combination of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses that ensure body temp is within acceptable limit |
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Body temperature allowed to vary |
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Body temp does not vary with ambient temp |
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Regulate body temperture through external measures with high degree of variation in body temp |
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Regulate body temperature through internal means with low degree of variation |
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Use a Regulatory thermal strategy |
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Use a Tolerant thermal strategy |
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Typically poikilotherms and use external measures in accordance with tolerance |
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Typically homeotherms, use internal measures in accordance with regulation. Tend to have higher metabolic rates |
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Range of temperatures optimal for physiological processes. Minimal metabolic rate |
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Upper Critical Temperature |
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Metabolic rate increases as animal induces physiological response to prevent overheating |
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Lower Critical Temperature |
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Metabolic rate increases to increase heat production |
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A preferred temperature, but no UCT, LCT or thermoneutral zone |
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Incipient Lethal Temperatures |
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Upper and lower, temperature at which 50% of animals die |
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Tolerant of wide range of ambient temperatures. Can occupy greater number of thermal niches |
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Tolerates only a narrow range of ambient temperatures |
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Thermogenesis caused by... |
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Increasing metabolic rate |
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Advantages of higher body temperatures... |
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Increased growth, development, digestion and biosynthesis |
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Heat is a by-product of... |
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Energy metabolism, excercise, digestion |
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Metabolic Heat is produced by... |
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BOTH endotherms and ectotherms. Endotherms have the ability to retain enough heat to elevate body temp above environmental ambient temperature |
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Possessed by endotherms, metabolic reactions that release heat due to wasted energy. No product. |
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Carbohydrate metabolism in Flight Muscles |
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Definition
Mechanism of heat production in insects, two opposing enzymes = futile cycle |
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Contraction of antagonistic flight muscles simultaneously... |
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heat production in insects, no net movement despite use of energy |
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heat production in insects, no net movement. Frequency and orientation controlled to avoid generating lift |
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Shivering thermogenesis... |
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Unique to birds and mammals, uncoordinated myofiber contraction. No gross muscle contraction. Works for short periods of time, muslces rapidly depleted of nutrients = exhaustion. Prevents animal from using locomotory muscle for foraging or predator avoidance |
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Used for nonshivering thermogenesis. High levels of mitochondria, produces the protein thermogenin |
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Brown Adipose Tissue located in... |
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back and shoulder regions of small mammals and newborns that live in cold environments |
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Uncouples mitochondrial electron transport system and proton pumping from ATP synthesis: High rate of fatty acid oxidation, energy released as heat |
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Mammalian Internal Thermostat |
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Information from central and peripheral thymus sensors is integrated in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus sends signals to body. |
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Avian Internal Thermostat |
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Located in the spinal cord |
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High Heat control mechanisms... |
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Vasodilation, sweating, panting |
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Low Heat control mechanisms... |
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Vasoconstriction, BAT activity, Shivering |
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Alter blood flow to the body surface to change rate of heat exchange. Utilizes varying constriction and dilation properties of arterioles and AV shunts |
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VR and normal body temp... |
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Sympathetic NS maintains tonic constriction of arterioles (blood flow not near skin) Mediated by alpha adrenergic signals |
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VR and high body temperature... |
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Decrease in tonic constriction of arteriole (Dilation), increase in constriction of AV shung (blood flow near skin, release heat) |
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Countercurrent Heat Exchange |
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Transfer thermal energy from warm arterial blood to cooler venous blood to retain heat. Important in regionally heterothermic fish and birds |
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Large animals with low surface area to volume ratios to reduce body temperature via evaporative cooling. |
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Raises heat of vaporization = greater heat loss than evaporation of pure water. Decreases concentration during long periods of heat exposure to minimize ionic and osmotic problems |
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Sweating, via symp innervation of sweat glands |
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