Term
| Crystal Palace Exhibition |
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Definition
| London, 1851. Celebration of industrial capability - glass building, showing off new products (McCormick reaper, Colt revolver - interchangeable parts) - tourist event of the season. America's technological "coming of age." |
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Term
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Definition
| Military needs int. parts due to rise of conscription armies. New factory - big, pollutes, visible. Eliminates physical labor of "fitting" by increasing mechanization and inspection - more expensive, but military can afford. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1890s. New production techniques and development of US road system. More mechanization (stamping -> punch out parts, rapid, + electric welding). Assembly now bottleneck. Stuff in motion instead of people. |
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Term
| Otto's Silent Engine, 1876 |
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Definition
| Internal combustion more efficient than steam. Tool for "democratizing" industry (smaller, less centralized factories). |
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Term
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Definition
| a) Simple design of, b) standardized parts made by, c) machine tools which are d) efficiently, rationally arranged and operated by e) low-skilled workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed precisely to make car; car designed to be built by large machines and mass produced. Interchangeable parts w/no fitting, just assembling. Very low skilled workers. More mechanization -> more production -> lower prices -> more sales -> etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assembly line, made cheap, mass-produced car feasible, designed factory around car, Ford Sociological Dept, assimilating workers (hygiene, language, Melting Pot Ceremony, Five Dollar Day) , anti-Semitic. Makes assembly line cultural phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Travel, independence and freedom. Conservation movement to preserve wilderness. Cost barriers to enter car industry b/c of cost of machines, factories designed around car. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macy's, Wanamakers: Palatial urban spaces. All about the experience (elevators, elec lights), the service (salesforce), interaction (ask price and get advice, but salespeople are strangers), no haggling. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1910-1930ish: Five & Dimes, dept stores, mail order |
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Term
| Emergence of modern corporations |
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Definition
| Post Civ War. Professional managers (separate from manufacturing), "scientific" management (-> specialization, routinization of clerical work), more clerical workers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Letter books (stored horizontally) -> vertical file cabinet (1893, 1/10 storage space), "visible" index (1898) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1920s, need to create new markets. As offer advice, guidelines, and intimacy (overcome breakdown of personal rel b/t producer and consumer). Changing notion of advertising (from info -> atmosphere, creating demand - logos, etc.) |
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Term
| Consumer parables of advertising |
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Definition
| Parable of the First Impression (being judged on appearance), Intimate (advertiser as close friend - emergence of coded language about menstruation, etc.), Expert (science), Democracy of Goods (regardless of class, can buy same product), Civilization Redeemed (appealing to earlier way of life), Captivated Child, Unraised Hand and the Skinny Child (create healthy kids, consumer goods as education) |
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Term
| Visual cliches in advertising |
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Definition
Master of All He Surveys (20th C. vision of future)
Future as Light
Photography and Realism (-> "scientific evidence")
American Village (Heartland)
Alone in the Crowd
Heroic Proportions (religious and iconography)
Radiant Beams (sanctifying anything)
Women as Consumer
Woman as Style (femininity -> beauty)
Woman as Mother (guilt)
Woman as Household Managers/Scientists
Woman as Victim
Woman as Sex Object |
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Term
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Definition
Commercial technology, advertising even more pervasive. First TVs as furniture. Move attendance drops, urban life declines, advertising linked w/programs due to expenses, question of reality (rigged quiz shows).
1952: first televised presidential election: Eisenhower-Nixon
1954: McCarthy Hearings (great on paper, jerk on tv)
1960: Nixon-Kennedy debate |
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Term
| "Let us remember that the conservation of natural resources is yet but part of another and greater problem - the problem of national efficiency, the patriotic duty of insuring the safety and continuance of the Nation." |
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Definition
| Theodore Roosevelt, 1907, on conservation. Part of larger movement for efficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific management, late 19th C.: anti-soldiering, efficient movements, time and motion studies.
"In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first." |
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Term
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Definition
80% homes wired for electric lightning by 1930; 1920s, "help problem" b/c women who would've been laundresses now typists/clerical workers.
Fewer workers -> machine innovation -> fewer workers, etc.
Through 20s, household servants declined 50%, technology as solution to problem -> more work for Mother |
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Term
| "Columbian Exposition," "Century of Progress" |
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Definition
Chicago, 1893. Redefines America for itself and the world: connects technology and progress, shows predominance of corporations in power structure of country, triumph of consumer culture, equates Europe with "high culture," pedestrian legacy of Juicy Fruit, PBR, ragtime, Quaker Oats.
C of P: Chicago's World's Fair, 1933: "Science finds, industry applies, man conforms." |
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Term
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Definition
| 1870s (ish)-1920s. Eiffel Tower, radio, movies, electric light, Wright Brothers, Model T, Panama Canal, |
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Term
| Chicago buildings, 1880s-1930s |
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Definition
post-Civ War boom town,
RR nexus b/t east coast and western farms/ranches: shipping, meatpacking, manufacturing
Great Fire of 1871: "clean slate" for gen of architects
Home Insurance Building (1883), Reliance Building (1894, still horizontally oriented), Wainwright Building (1890, vertical), Woolsworth Building (1913, 60 stories tall).
Chicago skyscraper: steel frame, braced to withstand wind loads, all riveted together (not bolts), "curtain walls" suspended from frame |
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Term
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Definition
Howard Scott, 1918: society where welfare of human beings optimized by means of scientific analysis and widespread use of technology.
Veblen, The Engineers and the Price System: "soviet of technicians" could reorder production for nation's common good.
Lenin, 5 Year Plan: communism = soviet power + electrician |
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Term
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Definition
20th C. industrialization mostly tied to military, motivated by war. Everyone involved in industrial war.
Economy subordinate to war (victory garden, Rosie the Riveter, etc.)
Transportation, communication, logistics. |
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Term
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Definition
Transportation limiting factor for size of armies, troops travel light, soldiers are professional.
New forms of transportation and communication -> huge armies. Communication -> much control over armies, more central planning, more non-combat officers. |
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Term
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Definition
| first conscription-based war, large armies, telegraphs, Minnie ball (so don't need trained soldier to use to be accurate), new weapons technologies, new ships. |
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Term
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Definition
25k miles of trenches, machine gun (first seen as inhumane, uncivilized, ungentlemanly, then used in Africa), huge numbers of casualties, "no man's land."
For Europeans: technology and science no longer seem to lead to progress.
Gas masks demoralizing, dehumanizing.
Transport: Soldiers -> civilian hospitals (so med developments, damaged young men, plastic surgery, psychiatry)
Inflation |
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Term
| Useful technologies from WWI |
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Definition
| Airplane and tank, mass production technologies (from auto -> war), mobilization of civilization population, civilians as financiers of the war (bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
Airpower as solution to trenches. Corporations turn over equip and workforce -> war production.
Middle class married women -> factories.
Gas and rubber rationing (issues w/Japan and China).
Aircrafts: lots of air bombers to destroy civilian targets (usual factories), goal is industrial targets, but lack of accuracy -> cycle of violence.
B-29 airplane (bombing machine), bombing computer (height, speed, etc. to drop bombs).
Atomic bomb. |
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Term
| Development of penicillin |
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Definition
1929: Fleming discovers, nothing happens.
1939: Chain and Florey work to mass produce, doesn't work
Coghill develops corn-steep process
Pharmaceutical comps decide not to produce b/c too expensive and specialized, didn't want to share info or have pen. compete |
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Term
| Govt incentives for industrial penicillin, results |
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Definition
- temporary protection from anti-trust legislation if companies pooled info
- tax incentives so ~85% profits back into R&D
- scientific advisory board to guide production
- War Production Board appointed penicillin "czar" w/unusual powers to command materials and contract for research
=> production soars, price falls |
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Term
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Definition
Technoscience requires massive capital, skills of diverse people and institutions, and skilled managers more than just individ genius.
"Military-industrial-academic complex" |
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Term
| Why no digital computers before WWII? |
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Definition
Needed govt funding. Govt funding came due to increased role of aircraft in WWII, need for feedback systems, ballistics table, etc. (technology to ensure accuracy by "predicting the future").
Also cryptographic technologies like Enigma Machine and Colossus (to break codes). |
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Term
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Definition
Mark I - 51x2ft, electric motor, stored 72 numbers.
ENIAC - 1942; Triumph of engineering, not math or logic (3000 hour life expectancy for each of 18k tubes)
Univac I - 1951, first commercial computer, census bureau
Point being: all very large, pretty slow, very |
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Term
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Definition
1956 - Semi-automatic ground environment, $8bil, 49k tubes, 250 tons.
Contributions: Printed circuits, core memories, mass storage devices, graphical displays (interactive computing), digital communications, MODEMS, programming. Employs 7-8k IMB workers, provides 20% of IBM's income.
Combines WWII technologies to make network of coordination.
- universal aircraft simulator
- Project Whirlwind (comp that can respond in real time)
- never functional/militarily effective, but subsidizes next generation of computers
- 1946-1990s, DARPA funds vast maj of comps in US |
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Term
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Definition
Infiltration Surveillance Center (ISC) command center for OIW, surveillance program aimed at stopping traffic on Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Lots of computers, sensors, video displays, real-time info. Sensors to detect human activity (truck engines, body heat, motion, etc.).
Claim: 90% effective, destroys 35k N Vietnamese trucks.
Actually: Almost definitely not. Probably did rather little besides waste money. |
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Term
| 1950s spending, civilian army, and reproduction |
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Definition
- govt spending increases exponentially
- civilian army demobilized
- 1950-60 largest pop increase ever (GI Bill, suburban Levittowns, mass consumption)
- idealized suburban home: industrial product full of industrial produts
- 5% world pop, consume 1/3 global goods and services |
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Term
| Atomic anxiety in the movies |
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Definition
| 1950s: Attacks from monstrous creatures (due to mutations from animal/human exposure to radioactivity), cities at risk, invisible threats lurking beneath cities. Godzilla, Fail Safe, etc. |
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Term
| Protecting Americans from atom/hydrogen bomb |
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Definition
| Bomb shelters, "civil defense" in the form of fire brigades, hat wearing, duck and cover drills, scaryass cartoons. Policies aimed at moving Americans out of dense urban cities. |
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Term
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Definition
College age in mid-1960s, find similar people at college. Many reject parents' ideas and ideals (not having experienced Depression or WWII, just economic stability and prosperity) - focus on problems.
SDS in 1962 (Port Huron Statement), Mario Savio
Reject corporate order, primacy of "The System," The Technocracy. |
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Term
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Definition
Comstock laws against distributing "dangerous or obscene texts" in 1873; 19th C. discovery of hormones
1928: discovery of progesterone (later, PG, E, FSH, LH)
1945: Fuller Albright, BC by hormones?
Problem: limited PG supplies, BC illegal
Margaret Sanger -> Birth Control League (->PP)
Katherine Dexter McCormick funds devel of HBC
1940s: synthesis of PG, oral PG, used to treat infertility and "menstrual disorders"
1960: Declared safe for BC.
1961: 56% all married US women on pill |
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Term
| Air bag - uncertainty about technology |
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Definition
Technology as social experiment. Driving public uses cars in ways not thought of (llama transport).
Dealing with uncertainty:
- encourage seat belt use, gather statistics, testify in support of laws
- more expts in lab (variety of scenarios and dummies)
- monitor performance of air bags on the road (catch problems early) |
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Term
| Invention of electronic computer involves... |
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Definition
| Electrical engineering, earlier technologies (communications and office), military needs and funding, cybernetics (anti-aircraft), ballistics (scientific computing) |
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Term
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Definition
| 19th C. censuses take years and thousands of pages to process; system of punchcards instituted (w/tabulator and sorter), shaves 5 years off process. Engineer -> IBM. |
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Term
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Definition
| first commercial computer; does 1951 census, predicts presidential election in '52. Business machine manufacturers win computer business over electronics firms (IBM over Honeywell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Globally-dominant information technology by the 1930s due to tabulation functions. After UNIVAC, 701 (magnetic tape system superior, modular, service-oriented). 70% market share in 1960. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semi-automatic business research environment. Fixes AmAir crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semi-automatic business research environment. Fixes AmAir crisis. |
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Term
| Development of minicomputer |
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Definition
| vacuum tubes -> discrete transistors -> integrated circuits. PDP8 in 1965 first to use int circuits (Programmed Data Processor) |
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Term
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Definition
| 40x10 miles strip from SF to San Jose. 4k IT firms, $200bil in rev annually. |
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Term
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Definition
| decentralized management, teamwork, shared responsibility, entrepreneurship, ties to local suppliers and competitors |
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Term
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Definition
Need microchip. MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) superior b/c can produce increased performance as dimensions shrink (vs. bipolar - better, but bigger).
1969: "calculator on a chip" from Intel
1972: Intel makes microcomputers. 15 chips (RAM, ROM, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Runs out of money, so turns to computing kits: develops user community software, so Gates and Paul Allen use to build Microsoft.
BASIC as programming language.
Gates: "As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, most of you steal your software. Hardware must be paid for, but software is something to share. Who cares if the people who worked on it get paid? |
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Term
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Definition
| Work for Atari and HP, develop Apple, founded in 1976, headed by ex-Intel exec. |
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Term
| Why rapid growth in PC industry 1975-77? |
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Definition
Technology exists (keyboards, displays, disk drives, printers, software, expertise), just need to get it all together. BASIC already has user base and software.
Commodore 64 - best selling computer of all time. |
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Term
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Definition
1980: Project Chess, PC based on off-the-shelf components
Need operating ystem
1982: comp as Time's "man of the year"
1982: Compaq introduces IBM PC-compatible clone; Fortune 500 faster than any company in history |
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Term
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Definition
| Xerox develops computer that displays document, has windows, icon, mouse, pointer (WIMP) interface. Commercial, placed in White House, Congress, universities -- fails. In 1975. Wtf? |
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Term
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Definition
Hardened nodes (underground, rural),
"polygrid" (multiple links for each switch)
central operations center, reroute manually
analog
high quality components |
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Term
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Definition
eliminates need for concentrated, hierarchical networks
massively redundant
inexpensive components
intelligent switches regulate flow; no preset routes |
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Term
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Definition
| messages disassembled into chunks and reassembled at final destination |
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Term
| Which survivable network chosen? |
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Definition
| Hardened network - Autovon. |
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Term
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Definition
Packet-switching network. Cheap, efficient, egalitarian sharing of bandwidth. NOT DESIGNED TO SURVIVE NUCLEAR ATTACK.
IMPs (Interface Message Processors) - each machine talks to one IMP, which then communicates with rest of network. Reduces burden on user.
Development of satellite and radio networks to link to IMPs and thus whole network. |
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Term
| ARPAnet and networks, 1975-1984 |
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Definition
1975: Defense Communications Agency assumes control of ARPAnet, limits frivolous use (chain emails), growing fear of hackers (phone phreaks)
1983: MILNet established (separate) - military encourages commercialization, funds TCP/IP. TCP/IP becomes only allowable protocol.
1984: Office of Advanced Supercomputing, goal = network of supercomputers. Sig militarily (nuc weapons) and symbolically (comp w/Japanese).
ARPAnet connects w/other networks, online services emerge (AOL, Prodigy, Compuserve) |
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Term
| Key features of Internet as we know it today |
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Definition
1. Designed for a homogenous population of academically oriented, scientifically trained users;
relies more on social mechanisms rather than technical ones to provide security and eliminate
troublemakers who engaged in antisocial behavior
2. Designed as practical, working networks; never intended to be used commercially or to set a
global standard
3. Originally non-commercial; sharp contrast with existing commercial networks
4. Designed to support many different machine types; publicly available protocols
5. Any computer connected to the Internet could send and receive data of any kind; Users were
expected to publish online information and provide services to each other, rather than to rely
on single central collection of resources.
6. Integrated many different communications media; designed for flexibility rather than perfor-
mance |
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Term
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Definition
Transport Control Protocol - Internet Protocol. IP address, TCP is coordinates packets.
Impt b/c: - standard platform (easier to connect)
- no encryption
- no return address (tracking/billing difficult - not commercial)
- no priority built in (so not military) |
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Term
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Definition
− Transcontinental “backbone”
− Local and regional networks
− Routers and switches (gateways)
− Routing software and protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, etc. Layered.)
− User hardware and software
− Political system for control (such as ICANN ) |
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