Term
| Skin can also be referred to as the ___ and contains 2 layers called the ___ |
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Definition
| cutaneous membrane; epidermis & dermis |
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Term
| Dermis layer of skin contains...(6) |
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Definition
| fibers, muscle, blood, nervous tissue, sweat glands, and hair follicle. |
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Term
| Type of sensory receptors in dermis (2) |
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Definition
Pacinian - pressure
Meissner - light touch |
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Term
| subcutaneous layer function and is composed of... |
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Definition
fx: to insulate
composed of: adipose CT, areolar CT, source blood vessels that supply the dermis, |
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Term
| What's included in the alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| stratum corneum (upper; desosomes most prevalent) stratum basal (lower) |
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Term
| Type of junction found in cardiac. describe the junction |
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Definition
| gap junction; it's like a tunnel that allows water and ions to flow between cells. |
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Term
| type of junction found in the skin and intestines. describe the junction |
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Definition
| desosomes; like staples that connect adjacent cells/holds them together. allows water and ions to flow |
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Term
| type of junction found in the bladder. describe the junction |
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Definition
| tight junction; like a zipper that blocks movement of almost everything. water-tight seal. |
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Term
| Layers of basement membrane |
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Definition
upper: basal lamina. attaches to epithelial and made of collagen fibers (glycoproteins)
lower: reticular lamina. binds to connective tissue and made of reticular fibers. |
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Term
| 5 hormones released by ant. pit. gland and their function |
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Definition
1. prolactin: milk production
2. thyroid-stim: stimulate thyroid
3. corticotropic: stimulate adrenal glands
4. growth: stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic fx
5. gonadotropins: stimulate LH and FSH |
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Term
| hormones released by post. pit. gland and their fx |
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Definition
1. oxytocin - milk ejection and child bonding
2. ADH - decrease urine output by increasing water reabsorp in collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fx of calcitonin and released from what gland |
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Definition
| Thyroid: "tone the bone" stops Ca release from bone/increases Ca uptake from blood |
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Term
| fx of PTH and from what gland |
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Definition
| parathyroid gland (4 glands on thyroid) that stimulates Ca release from bone into blood |
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Term
| fx of thymosin and what gland |
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Definition
| thymus: stimulates t-cell development |
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Term
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Definition
| gastrin HORMONE to stimulate stomach to releases HCl. Pepsin ENZYME that breaks down protein in stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| kill infected cells including cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| signal and direct other cells to fight infection. dont kill cells directly |
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Term
| what hormones are released from adrenal cortex |
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Definition
| cortisol/glucocorticoids and aldosterone (A & C from the A.C.) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases Na in blood, which increases water, which increases overall blood pressure |
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Term
| what hormones are released from adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
epi and norepi
epi is fight
norepi is FLIGHT |
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Term
| what hormone regulates estrogen. what is estrogen's fx? |
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Definition
| FSH; estrogen stimulates egg maturation and controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
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Term
| what hormones regulates progesterone. what is progesterone's fx? |
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Definition
| LH; progesterone prepares uterus for egg/pregnancy |
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Term
| what hormone regulates testosterone? what is testosterone's fx? |
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Definition
| LH; 2ndary sex characteristics |
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Term
| what hormones do kidney's release? |
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Definition
| renin when BP is low. Erythropoein (EPO) when oxygen levels are low |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates RBC production in response to hypoxia. signals bone marrow to produce more RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates sodium levels in response to low BP. promotes production of angiotension |
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Term
| what hormone does liver release? |
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Definition
| Angiotension II; vasoconstriction of BV. |
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Term
| what hormone does pancreas release? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increases blood glucose levels |
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Term
| what hormone does the stomach release? its fx? |
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Definition
| gastrin; stimulates production of gastric juices like hydrochloric acid which helps break down food |
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Term
| what hormones does small intestine release? its fx? |
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Definition
| secretin; stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes that neutralize chyme acidity CCK: stimulates release of digestive enzymes - helps to digest fat |
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Term
| what hormone does the heart release? its fx? |
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Definition
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide; promotes Na and water excretion from the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that signals muscles to contract |
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Term
| difference between neurons and neuroglia? |
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Definition
| glial cells do NOT conduct impulses. They nourish neurons. |
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Term
| What moves lymph throughout the body? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle contractions |
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Term
| where are lymph nodes and where are they located? |
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Definition
| small swellings where lymphocyte are formed - armpits, neck, and groin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of b-cell that sends out antibodies |
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Term
| what are dendritic cells? where do they live? |
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Definition
an antigen-presenting cell (innate system) that presents pathogens to immune-fighting cells (adaptive).
live in SKIN, GUT, and AIRWAYS then can transfer/present pathogens in lymph |
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Term
| what does the spleen do for the body? |
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Definition
| cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens |
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Term
| what are macrophages? where are they found? |
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Definition
| an immune fighting cell FOUND IN LYMPH that initially recognizes pathogen and alerts T cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. Macrophage eats antigen and presents fragments on its surface
2.helper T binds via MCH II and releases cytokines to attract B and Killer Ts
3. Killer Ts release perforins and kill cells. Turn into Memory Ts
4. Bs turn into Plasma Bs to release antibodies. Then become Memory Bs |
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Term
| what are cytokines? what occurs as a result (2)? |
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Definition
| proteins released from macrophages or helper Ts that recruit more immune fighting cells. causes inflammation |
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Term
| what are the antigen presenting cells? |
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Definition
| dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages |
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Term
| what are natural killer cells, what system are they apart of, and where do they mature? |
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Definition
| WBCs that kill our OWN defective cells. They punch holes into bad cells innate - in the bone marrow |
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Term
| what's unique about B cells, and what system are they apart of? |
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Definition
they do not need MCH molecule to bind to antigen, but uses MCH to bind to a T-Cell.
adaptive |
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Term
| t cells are apart of what type of immunity |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| activate B cells to make antibodies and actives killer T cells via cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where are neutrophils found |
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Definition
| in the blood - they are highly mobile and thus first to arrive |
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Term
| mast cells granules contain... |
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Definition
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Term
| what are langerhans cells |
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Definition
| a type of dendritic cell found in the epidermis |
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Term
| define humoral response and what occurs |
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Definition
| humor = fluid. B cells release antibodies in the blood (humoral) |
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Term
| define cell-mediated response and what occurs |
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Definition
| happens in the infected cell. |
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Term
| memory T cells are formed from helper T or killer Ts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is naturally acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
| body produces antibodies after exposure to antigen (i.e. getting a cold) |
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Term
| what is naturally acquired passive immunity? |
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Definition
| antibodies received via breastmilk |
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Term
| what is artificially acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
| immunity via vaccinations |
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Term
| bone synthesizes __ and __, and also stores ____, ____, and ____ |
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Definition
| blood and immune cells; Ca, Phosphates, and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that are wide; clavicle and metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| skull, knee, vertebrae, elbow |
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Term
| ball and socket joint examples |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| mature osteoblasts that are trapped in the matrix they formed. found in lacunae |
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Term
|
Definition
| mononucleated - bone builder |
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Term
|
Definition
| multinucleated - absorbs/dissolves bone to make room for new bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| covers bone and contains nerves & blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of CORTICAL bone |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| small channels that connect between lacunae |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| right side of periodic table consists of... |
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Definition
| non-metals (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine) |
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|
Term
| ionic bond between ___ and ___ |
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Definition
metal and non-metal
sodium +
potassium +
calcium + |
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Term
| covalent bond between ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
2 non-metals
examples: water, oxygen |
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Term
| list the non-membrane bound organelles |
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Definition
| see 3 RNs - centrosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, nucleolus |
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Term
| what organelle do euk. and prok. share? |
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Definition
| cell membrane/plasma membrane |
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|
Term
| what organelle organizes microtubules? |
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Definition
| centrosomes (centrosomes consist of two centrioles) |
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Term
| name the 3 types of salivary glands and their location |
|
Definition
1. parotid: roof of mouth/in front of ears
2. sublingual: either side of tongue/cheeks
3. submandibular: under jawbone |
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|
Term
| what does calcium do for muscle and where is it released from? |
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Definition
| released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium initiates muscle contraction/the sliding of actin & myosin filaments by binding to TROPONIN |
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|
Term
| how does the muscle relax? |
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Definition
| via ACTIVE transport, Ca binds back to SR |
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Term
| describe isotonic muscle contraction |
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Definition
| a muscle changes length while maintaining tension (like lifting a weight) |
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Term
| describe isometric contraction |
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Definition
| contractions where there is no change in muscle length (holding a weight) |
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|
Term
| concentric and eccentric are types of what muscle contraction. describe them |
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Definition
1. concentric: muscle shortens (c closes)
2. eccentric: muscle lengthens (e expands) |
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Term
| describe physical change in chemistry terms |
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Definition
| rearrangement of atoms/molecules. ex: melting, boiling, changing size or shape |
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Term
| describe chemical change in chemistry |
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Definition
| breaking of atoms to form new bonds/compounds. ex: change in color, formation of a gas or solid, energy being released or absorbed |
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Term
| germ layers and what they produce |
|
Definition
outermost: ectoderm - skin, hair, nervous system
middle: mesoderm - muscle, bone, heart circulatory, sexual
inner: endoderm - GI and respiratory |
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|
Term
| what organelle promotes photosynthesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe action potential polarization |
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Definition
starts at rest in -70mv. more negative on inside. Sodium go inside until -55mv (threshold). Inside now more positive, which is called Depolarization. Potassium leaves, returning negative net inside = repolarization.
Na enters = depol.
K enters = repol. |
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|
Term
| muscle layers from greatest to smallest |
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Definition
skeletal muscle (organ)
> fascicle (bundle of cells) > myofiber (the cell.) > myofibril > myofilaments (the actin and myosin) |
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|
Term
| which muscle layer contains many nucleus and mitochondria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which muscle layer contain myofilaments |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name of main muscle cell and unique characteristics for it |
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Definition
| myofiber. contains sarcolemma, nucleuses, mitchondria, sarcoplasm, and sarco reticulum (inside). SR covers fibril, which is inside fiber) |
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|
Term
| muscle connective tissue from outer to inner |
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Definition
| epimysium: covers muscle organ perimysium: covers fascicle endomysium: covers myofiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted from small intestine that helps to digest fat and protein |
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Term
| what protein unzips/unwinds DNA structure and which adds new nucleotides |
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Definition
| helicase - DNA polymerase |
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|
Term
| what kind of bond in DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what prevents supercoiling during DNA replication? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| type of bond in amino acids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| germ layers and what they produce |
|
Definition
endoderm - GI, accessory organs (enDo for Digestive)
mesoderm - muscle, bone, heart, skin (M for M)
ectoderm - nervous system (ecTo for Thought) |
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Term
|
Definition
| short chain of amino acids |
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|
Term
| flow of sperm from testicles to ejaculation |
|
Definition
| produced in testes -> matures via epididymis -> travels by vas deferens -> seminal fluids -> prostate gland |
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|
Term
| purpose of prostate gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpose of seminal fluids |
|
Definition
| produce prostaglandins for movement |
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|
Term
| purpose of bulbourethral gland |
|
Definition
| neutralize leftover urine acidity in urethra |
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Term
|
Definition
| ammonia produce when proteins break down, which is then converted to urea |
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|
Term
| what is oxidation reaction |
|
Definition
| loss of electrons during a reaxtion |
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Term
|
Definition
| gain of electrons during reaxtion |
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Term
|
Definition
| positively charged ions (sodium or calcium) enters cell, making it less negative |
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Term
|
Definition
| positively charged ions (potassium) leave the cell, returning it back to its negative state. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| commonalities between prok and euk |
|
Definition
DNA - both have
Plasma Membrane - both have
Cytoplasm - both have
Ribosomes - both have |
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