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| Oversimplified opinions about a group, rather than individual and specific difference. |
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| Firsthand records of events, theories, opinions or actions; from the same time period; documents, recordings, or artifacts. |
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Opinion is a belief based on personal judgement;
A bias is a belief that affects a persons ability to make a fair unclouded judgement or decision. |
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| General subject matter covered by a piece of work. (usually one worded) |
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| the work's specific message; the reason the text was written |
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| Subjects that a work touch upon. With a topic of depression, a theme would be hope, despair, sadness, or redemption. |
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| X to Y; X/Y or X:Y; written in simplest form |
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states that 2 ratios are equal; both denominators share the same unit and both numerators share the same unit; you then cross multiply.
ex) 6ft/10min = Xfeet/ 12 min --> cross multiply and solve for the variable
( a/b=c/d --> ad=bc) |
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| use proportions to determine difference in completion times for a given task. |
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| First Person (possessive pronoun) |
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singular: mine, my
plural: our, ours |
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| Second Person (possessive pronoun) |
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singular: your, yours
plural:your, yours |
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| Third Person (possessive pronoun) |
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singular: her, hers, his, its
plural: their, theirs |
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MDCLXVI (MD Clide Licks VI)
M- 1000
D-500
C-100
L-50
X-10
V-5
I-1 |
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Celsius: 0 degrees
Fahrenheit: 32 degrees |
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| (original price- new price/ original price) x100%= |
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| (new price- original price/ original price) x100%= |
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| Always make sure there is only ONE non-zero number |
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| Real, Rational, Irrational number |
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Real Number= any number on the number line that appears as either rational or irrational.
Rational Number= any real number that can be written as a fraction, repeating decimal, or ending decimal
Irrational Number= any real number that cannot be written as a fraction. ex= square roots, pie, cube roots etc. |
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| 4 Valves in heart (from right atrium to left ventricle) |
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| Tricuspid valve -->pulmonary valve --> mitral valve--> aortic valve |
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| atom--> molecule--> cells--> tissue--> organ ( 2+tissues preform a specific task) --> organ system (when organs work together to form a task: 11 in body)-->organism |
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-exists as sheets and provides covering for organs (SKIN for ex)
-does not have its own blood supply
-has glands that produce secretions
-nearby capillaries provide its food and o2 (if enough, it regenerates quickly)
-Simple (1layer) or Stratified (2+layers) |
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-all throughout the body
-serves to connect dif. structures of the body
- Has own blood supply (mostly)
- adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood vessels are ALL EX'S |
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| provides structure for Brain and Spinal chord and nerves |
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| BIle: production and storing |
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| Bile is produced in the Liver and stored in the Gallbladder and is released to break down fatty foods. (part of the digestive system) |
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| serves to regulate processes: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as reproduction, growth and nutrient use |
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| Absorption of nutrients in digestive system |
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| occurs in the small intestine through fingerlike projections called VILLI, which includes duodenum (first part of the sm intestine) |
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| mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach. Fate laden chyme stays in the stomach longer than carb laden chyme. |
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| supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells; picks up fluid containing nutrients and O2 leaked from blood vessels and puts it back into the circulatory system. |
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responsible for brain, spinal chord, and nerves.
CNS= brain and spinal chord PNS= brain and spinal chord nerves that extend beyond the CNS |
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autonomic nervous system: controls automatic body functions
--> sympathetic= flight or fight
--> parasympathetic= digest and rest responses
BOTH HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS: keeps things in balance
Sensory somatic nervous system: controls voluntary actions. |
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Sensory function (and most sensitive?)
(1/3 main functions of nervous system) |
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| pain, heat, and other stimuli; most sensitive are the face, fingers, and toes, because they have the most sensory neurons. |
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| when a neuron's stimuli shoots straight up to the spinal chord and a message is sent back to the muscle to respond before the message is transmitted to the brain |
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| integrative function (2/3 main function of nervous system) |
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| uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored within the brain. this functions also uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions may be based at later times (why not to touch a stove for ex) |
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| Motor function (3/3 main function of nervous system) |
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| carry information from the CNS to the effector (glands and muscles) |
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| Immune System: Innate defense |
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-Natural Killer Cells: produce perforins that target cancer cells and cause cell to LYSE (rupture)
-Interferons: body's response to viral infection: after 7-10 days replication is prevented.
- Chemotaxis: method where Leukocytes (w. blood cell) respond to damage body tissue (know to do this because of CYTOKINES= chem. messenger sent from damages cell) |
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| Immune System: Adaptive Response (specific defenses) |
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-antibody mediated:antibodies are produced for specific antigen (invader call) and antigen attaches to B-call then T helper cell B-cell then produces an antibody
--> active immunity= vaccine
--> passive immunity= genetics
-Cell mediated immunity: T-cells recognize non-self cells and chemotaxis occurs |
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the number of births needed to keep the population the same.
- developed countries= 2.1
-less-developed countries= 2.3
in reality, developed countries are having less that their replacement rate and less-developing are having much more (Africa=7). |
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| Factors that may affect birth rates |
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| Religion, education, literacy, economy, employment , culture, government, infant mortality rates, abortions, accessibility of family planning. |
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| enzyme that helps mane an identical and new strand of DNA in the Synthesis period of Interphase. |
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| Errors that occur during DNA replication are reduces by: |
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First: DNA polymerase proofreads the replicated strand of DNA it made and checks for mismatched bases. then it corrects it.
Second (for extra backup): Mismatch Repair is a mechanism that reviews the strand again and spots any mismatched bases, then takes away mismatched base and replaces it with the right one. |
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| Errors that occur in DNA due to Mutagen are reduced by: |
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Mutagen= anything from UV rays to harmful chemicals, that causes mutations to DNA.
Reduced by: Excision Repair= this mechanism srand DNA for mutations and cuts off the affected strand of DNA and the surrounding bases around the mutation. This is because most mutations occur to many bases. It then uses DNA polymerase to replicate the excised part. |
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| Which mutations get passed on to offsprings? |
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| spontaneous DNA mutations (from DNA replication or mutagens) that occur in GERM cells can get passed on to future generations. Germ cells give rise to OVUM and SPERM. This can get passed on generation to generation. |
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| What is recognized as the standard neutrality between bases and acids? |
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| Pure H2O at 25 degrees Celsius because it has a pH of 7. |
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| Difference of one unit in the pH scale |
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| = a concentration difference of 10 |
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| The donation of electrons to yield a more positive product |
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| The acceptance or electrons to yield a more negative product |
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| Examples of oxidation-reduction reactions: |
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| Combustion, metabolism, photosynthesis |
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| Although they do not undergo reduction and oxidation reactions, they react to form salts and water which neutralizes pH. |
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| Chemical Properties of water: |
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| -Polar (O has higher electronegativity, electrons gravitate towards oxygen) - covalently bonded (so that it is stable) -electrolysis energetic output can break the bond to create gaseous solutions: 2H2 and O2 -maximum density of water is at 4 degrees Celsius (water is more dense than ice so ice floats here)→ water is considered a standard value of 1 gram/ Millimeter -triple point of water is 271.16 degrees K (0.01 degrees C); allows for water to exist as a gas, liquid and solid at the same time. → what the Kelvin scale is based on. -universal solvent -its polarity results in high surface area and adhesion. |
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| the standard melting point of ice (0 degrees) and boiling point of water (100 degrees Celsius) |
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| Energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. |
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| The second highest specific heat (under ammonia) so it therefore changes slightly with temperature changes compared to the environment |
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| Water’s heat of vaporization: |
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| high, so therefore it needs a lot of heat to go into liquid to gas phase… due to this water acts to moderate earths climate. (its stays constant) |
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| Biological classification system: acronym |
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Didnt King Philip Come Over For Good Sushi
Domain, Kingdom, Plylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Most general--> most specific |
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| Eubacteria, Archea, Eukarya |
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(in eukarya:) animalia, fungi, Plantae, protista
(in eubacteria:) eubacteria
(in archea:) archeabacteria |
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| Through mutations and combinations of alleles (different forms of a gene), some species are better able to adapt than others. |
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| end product is; when one species is better able to survive a certain environment than others, and passes on good traits generation after generation... the the final species is "adapted." |
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| Nucleic acids made up of what: |
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a chain of nucleotides:
A pentose (sugar): deoxyribose and ribose
a nitrogenous base: A, T,U,G,C
A Phosphate group: a molecule in the backbone that links together the bases. |
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| Nucleotides are bonded by what: |
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| DNA is in a double helix due to the weak H-Bonds between the bases. Since RNA is only one stranded, it doesn't need H-Bonds |
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| Structure of nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA: |
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Purine (2 rings)= G and A
Pyrimidine (1 ring)= T, U, and C |
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The type of cell that bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) hace. consists of Cell wall, cytoplasm (which consists of organelles)
Organelles: nucleoid (condensed DNA, genetic blueprint to make protein), Plasmids (small circular portions of DNA not associated with nucleoid), Ribosomes, and Flagella (long projections outwards from the cell that allow cellular movement). |
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| created by a fertilized egg cell dividing and creating a mass of cells called a ZYGOTE. |
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| occurs in development and adult life. It is when a non specific cell becomes specific. |
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(1/2)mv^2
Energy of something in motion |
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mgh
Energy of something at a resting place that has the potential to become KE. |
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| PE+KE. to find both, first find the PE at the resting place, bu using proportion, then subtract that from total energy to find the KE. |
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| Electromagnetic waves (from short to long) |
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Gamma Rays, X Rays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, microwave, radio wave.
Visible part: Red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, purple (from long to short) |
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| is the number of protons and electrons. To find the number of neutrons, subtract number of protons form atomic mass. Your left with the number of neurons. |
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| Atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons. The number of protons in an isotope always stay the same, the only number going up or down is the number of neutrons. |
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| Moving from from top to bottom of a column in a periodic table: |
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The number of shells increase, but the number of valence electrons stays the same (is given in the column number at the top of each column), and the atomic radii increases.
And as atomic radii increases, the ionization energy (the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron) decreases because it is further away form the protons and are therefore less tight. |
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| Moving from left to right in a column of a periodic table: |
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the number of valence electrons is increasing one by one, but the number of shells stays the same. In addition, the atomic radii decreases because as more protons are added(and therefore electrons) without any extra shells, they gravitate inwards towards the nucleus with protons.
The ionization energy increases as atomic radii decreases. |
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| metals cool rapidly when refrigerated and heat quickly when heated; nonmetals do not. Both conduct electric current. |
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