Term
| What was the name of the movie that protrayed cohesiveness? (pg. 90) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors that increase cohesion? |
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Definition
Required Interactions
Common Attitudes and Values
Superordinate Goal
A Common Enemy
Success in Achieving Goals and Group Status
Low External Interactions
Resolution of Differences
Availability of Resources |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of Groupthink? |
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Definition
Illusions of the group as invulnerable
Rationalizing away data that disconfirms assumptions and beliefs.
Unquestioned belief in group's inherent morality.
Stereotyping competitors as week, evil, stupid and so on.
Direct pressure on deviants to conform.
Self-censorship by members.
Illusions of unamimity (silence equals consent)
Self-appointed "mind guards" - protecting group from disconfirming data. |
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Term
| What are some preventative steps of Groupthink? |
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Definition
Leader encourages open expression of doubt.
Leader accepts criticism of his or her opinions.
Higher-status members offer opinions last.
Get recommendations from a duplicate group.
Periodically divide into subgroups.
Members get reaction of trusted outsiders.
Invite trusted outsiders to join discussion periodically.
Assign someone the role of devil's advocate.
Develop scenarios of rivals' possible actions. |
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Term
| What is a risk that very cohesive groups fall victim of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of cohesion? |
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Definition
Productivity
Satisfaction
Development and Learning |
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Term
| The purple chicken story... |
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Definition
| When a chicken is removed from the group and dyed purple... it was later released into the chicken coop. The other chickens actually pecked the purple chicken to death because it was different. |
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Term
| What are some external status views that will cause acceptance or rejection by the group members? |
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Definition
The higher their status ranking - the member will succeed and move up the ladde4r quicker.
Appearance
Age
Gender
Wealth/Income
Ethnicity/Race/Nationality
Education Level
Hobbies/Activities
Occupation
Disabilities
Intellect
Sexual Orientation
Healthiness
Location
Family Name (eg. The Kennedys) |
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Term
| How can roles in groups be categorized by whether they serve to....? (pg. 110) |
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Definition
Task-Oriented - help accomplish the group task.
Socially Oriented - help maintain good relationships among members.
Self-Oriented - express individual needs or goals unrelated to the group's purposes. |
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Term
| What are the roles related to accomplishing the group's tasks? (pg. 110) |
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Definition
Idea initiator
Information seeker
Information provider
Problem clarifier
Summarizer
Consensus tester |
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Term
| What roles are related to the group's social relationships? (pg. 111) |
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Definition
Harmonizer (joker or soother)
Gatekeeper
Supporter
Compromiser
Standards monitor |
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Term
| What are some dysfunctional group roles? |
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Definition
Nitpicker
Endless talker
Group humorist
Over-organizaer
Topic jumper |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to affect the behavior of others in a particular direction without using manipulation. |
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Term
| A group will not reach a stable equilibrium, where all its energies can be focused on its task, until its internal rankings are essentially accepted by all. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall status in a group is determined by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Initial ranking is based on? |
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Definition
| The higher the background of external status, the higher the initial internal status of a group member. |
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Term
| How does status affect behavior? |
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Definition
a)The higher a person is on dimensions valued by the group and the more norms are conformed to, the higher his or her status within the group and vice versa.
b)Deviant: member who does not conform to group's norms; most negative attitudes expressed to that member.
c)Isolate: conforms even less to group's norms; interactions with isolate very infrequent. |
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Term
| Roles determine status and group effectiveness... |
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Definition
1. Task-oriented
2. Socially oriented
3. Self-oriented and other dysfunctional group roles.
4. The pressure of balancing multiple roles. |
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Term
| The greater the number of people in a group, the more likely is subgroup formation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. The ability to affect the behavior of others in particular directions.
2. Affected by rank. |
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Term
| Differentiatin and cohesion are related to productivity, satisfaction and development. |
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Definition
1. Relation to task requirements
2. Relation to external status.
3. Relation to support of organization's goals. |
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Term
| What are the eleven (11) issues facing any work group? |
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Definition
1. Atmosphere and relationships
2. Member participation
3. Goal understanding and acceptance
4. Listening and information sharing.
5. Handling disagreements and conflict.
6. Decision making.
7. Evaluation of member performance
8. Expressing feelings.
9. Division of labor
10. Leadership
11. Attention to process |
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Term
| The smaller the group, the fewer total resources there are available for work; however, it is easier to obtain full participation and coordination of individual effort. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more evenly distributed are the resources (levels of expertise) of a group amoung its members, the more appropriate is total member participation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What five (5) factors can be used to determine differences in what kind of group process is appropriate to the job? (pg. 124) |
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Definition
1. Size of the work group.
2. Distribution of resources (expertise) in the group.
3. Complexity and/or diversity of the task.
4. Time pressure on the group to produce.
5. Degree of task interdependence required. |
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Term
| What are the five phases of group development? |
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Definition
1. Membership
2. Subgrouping
3. Confrontation Individual
4. Differentiation
5. Collaboration (total cooperation) |
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Term
| Group cohesiveness is increased by: |
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Definition
Similarity in attitudes, values & goals
Existence of a common enemy
Acceptance of superordinate goals
Success in achieving goals
High status relative to other groups
Low number of required external interactions.
Differences settled in satisfactory way to all members.
Conditions of abundant resources. |
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Term
| High cohesiveness correlates with productivity, satisfaction and development: |
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Definition
Members' productivity similar in a cohesive group.
Group productivity high if the group values productiveness.
Dangers of groupthink
Member satisfaction high by definition
Member development may be high or low. |
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Term
| Propositions on group cohesiveness: |
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Definition
a. The more interactions, the more positive feelings.
b. The more positive feelings, the more interactions.
c. The more attractive the group, the more cohesiveness.
d. The more cohesive the group, the more eagerness for membership.
e. The more eagerness for membership, the more conformity to group's norms.
Therefore:
f. The more cohesive the group, the more influence it has on its members.
g. The less clear the group's norms, the less control it has over its members. |
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Term
| The higher the background factor of external status, the higher the initial internal status of a group member. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is affected more by their looks... a man or a woman when being looked at for higher pay or rewards? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is status congruence? |
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Definition
| Every factor is consistent whether it is all high or low (age, sex, education, income, etc) |
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Term
| What is status in-congruent? |
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Definition
| Factors are out-of-line, they are NOT consistent (deviants). Some ranks may be high but other ranks will be low. (age, sex, education, ethnicity, income, etc) |
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Term
| The more an individual group member fails to conform to the group's norms, the more frequently negative sentiments will be expressed toward him or her. |
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Definition
| IN short, the greater a member's conformity to the group's important norms, the greater the group's liking for the member. |
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Term
| Informal group leaders may occasionally violate norms without punishment, provided that they have earned their leadership by general conformity to the group's norms. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences for internal membership rank? |
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Definition
1. High external status congruent members tend to become regular members.
2. Relatively high status but incongruent members tend to end up as isolates.
3. Low external status members, regardless of congruence, tend to become deviants. |
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Term
| It takes a very determined person to continue to refuse to be what others expect, and such determination is rare. |
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Definition
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Term
| Conformity to expectations by others is not inevitable, of course, and sometimes people resist begin drafted into roles that do not fit. |
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Definition
| For example, the jock maybe place in the role of being uninterested in learning. This is demeaning. |
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Term
| In an effective task group, there will be a relatively low amount of self-oriented role behavior and a balance between task-related and social-related roles as necessary. |
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Definition
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Term
| A structure that is too crystallized, where everyone "knows his place" only too well, can also have difficulties in producing, especially when tasks are changing and quick responsiveness is needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the most serious subgroup problems? |
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Definition
| It is when the smallest subgroup has only one member who is made to be a "subgroup" because he or she is visibly different from the others. The lone woman in an all-male group. The only black person in an all-white group. |
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Term
| The greater the numbers of people in a group, the more likely is subgroup division. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a high-producing group the isolates and/or deviants are likely to be low producers, while in a group that holds down productivity, the isolates are likely to be high producers. |
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Definition
| A person may choose not to conform to avoid working so hard or so little, or may be pushed into isolation out of inability to produce near the group's desired rate. |
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Term
| The greater the time pressure, the less appropriate it is for the group to work on process issues. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the need for individual members to make adjustments to a plan of action, the greater the need for them to share in the original planning and decision making. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the task complexity/diversity, the more appropriate it is to utilize the resources of a number of people. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the time pressure, the more appropriate it will be for a group to make decisions by vote or even by the unilateral action of its designated leader rather than by consensus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the degree of task interdependence required, the more important it is for group members to maintain continuing exchanges with and have knowledge of each other as persons. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some guidelines to running a meeting? |
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Definition
1. Plan for the meeting (chairperson)
2. Facilitate attendee preparation
3. Provide suitable physical facilities.
4. Conducting the meeting (chairperson)
5. Participating in the meeting (members)
6. Concluding the meeting.
7. Follow-up |
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Term
| Task group effectiveness develops over time. |
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Definition
| No group can expect to be instantly effective. |
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Term
| Phases of Group Development (pg. 134) |
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Definition
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing |
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Term
| Several ways groups make decisions: |
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Definition
1. By the unilateral action of one dominating member or designated chairperson.
2. By the unilateral action of a dominant subgroup acting as a power bloc by imposing its will.
3. By assumption, with silence taken as agreement.
4. By default (inaction)... allowing fate to decide.
5. By democratice vote... dominance of the majority.
6. By unanimous agreement
7. By consensus - when the group is willing to go along. |
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Term
| Evaluation of group process needs to be made relative to the group's phase of development. Five phases are: |
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Definition
1. Membership
2. Subgrouping
3. Confrontation
4. Individual Differentiation
5. Collaboration |
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Term
| Factors affecting appropriateness of group process: |
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Definition
1. Size
2. Distribution of resources
3. Task complexity/diversity
4. Time pressure
5. Degree of interdependence |
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Term
| The smaller a group, the fewer total resources and the more appropriate is participation by all. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more evenly distributed the resources (expertise), the more appropriate is total member participation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the complexity/diversity, the more resources needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the time pressure, the less time for process. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the task interdependence, the greater the need for continuous exhanges and knowledge of each other on the part of group members. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the member participation, the greater the level of commitment to goals. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Process Thermometer? |
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Definition
| An instrument that can be used by all members of a group to assess members' perceptions of how well the group is working together. |
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