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Definition
| Maintain head position vertical with respect to gravity, restore erect posture in response to a sudden tilt, and maintain fixed-eye gaze when the head moves unpredictably. |
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Definition
| Scattered throughout the thoracic arteries, bodies that contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and secondarily sensitive to the acidity of the blood and the partial pressure of CO2. |
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Definition
| In skeletal muscle, the first type of nerve ending of the stretch receptors that wraps itself around the center of a nuclear bag muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| A bulb-like structure at the end of each semicircular canal. |
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Definition
| In the eye, a fluid secreted by the ciliary body and reabsorbed into venous sinuses of the sclera. |
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Definition
| The effect of the muscle fibers controlling the shape of the lens, focusing an image on the retina. |
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Definition
| Part of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. |
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Definition
| Detect the stretch of arteries at strategic sites in the vascular tree, monitoring arterial blood pressure. |
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Definition
| Also known as the eustachian tube, it connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx. |
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Definition
| The floor of the cochlear duct. |
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Definition
| Bones that couple the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
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Definition
| The visible shell-like projection that surrounds the opening of the auditory canal. |
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Definition
| Structures vibrate preferentially at a frequency that is determined by their physical dimensions and material composition. |
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Definition
| The result of the visual fields of the two eyes overlapping. |
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Definition
| Taste bud projections on the tongue that form an inverted V near the back of the tongue. |
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Definition
| In the ear, the organ of sound transduction. |
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Definition
| Monitor the chemical composition of body fluids. |
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Definition
| In the retina, part of the photopigment that actually absorbs light energy. |
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Definition
| Small structures located on the carotid sinus that contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and secondarily sensitive to the acidity of the blood and the partial pressure of CO2. |
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Definition
| In the eye, calls that provide a direct pathway from receptors to the ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of tissue that supports the lens. |
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Definition
| Connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx. |
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Definition
| A transparent structure that allows light to enter the eye. |
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Definition
| A function in which the same retinal cell will be contributing to the message relayed by a number of ganglion cells. |
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Definition
| Once the vestibuloauditory nerve enters the brain stem, the pathway branches to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the superior olivary nucleus of the brain stem. |
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Definition
| A photoreceptor within the inner layer of the retina. |
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Definition
| In the eye, images fall into focus without accommodation for objects that are about six meters away. |
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Definition
| A fluid of the scala media. |
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Definition
| The neurons of the visual cortex that are arranged in six horizontal layers. |
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Definition
| The outer ear consisting of an air-filled passage that extends through the auditory meatus to the tympanic membrane or eardrum. |
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Definition
| Located within the olfactory bulb, the neurons synapse on mitral cells that occur in clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Make inhibitory connections on the corresponding spinal motor neurons so that when a tendon is dangerously strained, the motor neurons serving the muscle will become less active. |
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Definition
| Third-order cells whose axons project through the optic nerve to the thalamus. |
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Definition
| A tiny spot in the center of the macula lutea that contains only cones. |
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Definition
| Small taste buds that are scattered over the entire tongue. |
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Definition
| A hole at the apex of the cochlea that connects the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. |
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Definition
| The external wall of the eyeball, taking the form of the sclera. |
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Definition
| One of the three auditory ossicles. |
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Definition
| A condition that occurs when the lens is too thin or the eyeball too short: the images of near objects will fall behind the surface of the retina, whereas the focus for distant objects will be correct. |
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Definition
| Monitor the position and changes in position of synovial joints. |
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Definition
| Located in the midbrain, serving as part of the auditory afferent pathway. |
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Definition
| Attaches to the ciliary body anterior to the lens, creating an opening in the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the lung fills during inspiration, the feedback from chest wall and lung stretch receptors tends to terminate the inspiration. |
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Definition
| A knob-like auditory structure to which an apical tuft of sensory cilia is attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of Meissner’s corpuscle adapted for fine touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occupies an air-filled cavity between the tympanic membrane and the round and oval windows and contains the three auditory ossicles. |
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Term
| Medial geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| Located in the thalamus, serving the auditory afferent pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses light rays entering the eye typically onto the retina, and lies immediately behind the pupil. |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| The visual pathway must first pass through the thalamus where ganglion cell axons of the optic nerve synapse to reach the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretch receptors (myotatic organs) that consist of a spindle-shaped capsule enclosing two types of modified muscle fibers together with two types of nerve endings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular region in the center of the posterior retina that contains mainly cones; it is the part of the retina we use for examining the visual world for color and detail. |
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Term
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Definition
| The axons of these cells project to two destinations—the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex (for conscious perception) and the limbic system, where they may affect behavior without being consciously perceived. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three auditory ossicles, attached to the tympanic membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A patch of cell bodies on the roof of the nasal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the stretch receptors, a nerve ending that belongs to a nerve fiber designated as Type IA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretch receptors (muscle spindles) that consist of a spindle-shaped capsule enclosing two types of modified muscle fibers together with two types of nerve endings. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the retina, the part of the complex that confers wavelength selectivity. |
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Term
| Nuclear chain muscle fiber |
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Definition
| Part of the stretch receptors, the second type of nerve ending, also called a flower spray ending. These endings belong to afferents designated by their medium/large size as belonging to Type II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projections from the tongue surface that serve as taste buds. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the ear, a gelatinous disk, weighted with small calcium carbonate crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thalamic interneurons that project in a fanlike manner to the occipital cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spot medial to the macula in which the retinal axons must converge and pass through the photoreceptor layer, forming the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the ear that consists of the external auditory canal and the auricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| An X-shaped structure formed by the optic nerves from the two eyes that converge to the midline of the underside of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts pressure waves to the scala vestibuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rods and cones contained in the inner layer of the retina that help to carry out the first stages of neural integration of visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hollow interior of the eyeball filled with gelatinous vitreous humor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening that allows light that has penetrated the cornea to pass through the lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compressed and decompressed air that spread out from the source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for monitoring the internal state of the body, providing is the basis for homeostatic responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light energy that takes the form of individual packets and has an energy level that is expressed as a wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid that fills the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eye muscles that direct the gaze in the up-down and left-right axes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of two layers: an outer pigmented layer of epithelial cells and an inner layer that contains photoreceptors and several levels of interneurons that carry out the first stages of neural integration of visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows the cochlea to vibrate freely. |
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Term
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Definition
| The olfactory system (literally “nosebrain”); it is different from all other sensory systems in that the olfactory pathway to central processing areas does not pass through the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromophore for rods in the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| A photoreceptor within the inner layer of the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by the ear to determine the position of a sound source in space. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures vibrate preferentially at a best resonant frequency that is determined by their physical dimensions and material composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow structure filled with endolymph that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| In interior of the cochlea, one of three separate, parallel chambers; abuts the oval window. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the inner ear that is responsible for bodily equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tough covering seen as the white of the eye and continuous with the dura mater of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| In interior of the cochlea, one of three separate, parallel chambers; abuts the round window. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hollow part of the cochlear duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerves of the cochlea, where all auditory afferents have their cell bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory fibers carrying taste information synapse in this area of the medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which one eye fails to move in concert with the other eye when following a moving stimulus (“wandering eye” or “cross-eye”). |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three auditory ossicles, attached to the oval window. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensitive part of the hair cell that is an apical tuft of sensory cilia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitors length in skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location of the taste receptors of the oral mucosa of the tongue, mouth, and pharynx. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continuous input, even if the head is not being moved, given by the system that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the brain stem, this area receives inputs from both ears and is involved in sound localization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flap of tissue that projects from the inner wall of the cochlear duct and overlies the hair cells so that the stereocilia are in close contact with its underside. |
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Term
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Definition
| One clue used by the ear to determine the position of a sound source in space. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Slowly adapting receptors that respond to a sustained stretch with a well-sustained train of action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapidly adapting receptors, so they give a vigorous burst of action potentials in response to stretch but do not respond during steady states. |
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Term
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Definition
| The motor neurons that innervate the fibers within stretch receptors that command the stretch receptor fibers to shorten in parallel with the rest of the fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurons that innervate the great mass of muscle fibers that is not part of stretch receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow structure filled with endolymph that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within the external wall of the eyeball, forming the ciliary body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fifth primary flavor that has been asserted specifically for monosodium glutamate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the vestibuloauditory nerve enters the brain stem, the pathway branches to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the superior olivary nucleus of the brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inputs from the vestibular system pass to these structures of the brain stem, detecting changes of head orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system that senses the body’s equilibrium, located in the ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| The VIII cranial nerve. The auditory afferent pathway courses centrally through cochlear nerve, which joins the vestibular nerve to form the vestibuloauditory nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location of a small number of primary olfactory receptors that may be an evolutionary vestige. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gelatinous substance that fills the posterior section of the hollow interior of the eyeball. |
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Term
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Definition
| The roof of the cochlear duct. |
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