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Definition
| A large family of enzymes. |
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Definition
| Involved the expenditure of extra energy from the cell's own energy reserves and can result in net movement of solute uphill against a concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| In primary active transport, the carrier derives energy from it. |
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Definition
| One solute may be exchanged for another in a process of exchange. |
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Definition
| The fluid component of blood. |
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Definition
| Proteins that actually bind individual solute molecules on one side of the membrane and release the solute on the opposite side of the membrane. |
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Definition
| Barrel-shaped pores that enclose a small water-filled passage through which solutes diffuse as if in free solution. |
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Definition
| Multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carrier before all are translocated. |
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Definition
| The movement of a substance due to the random movement of its individual particles. |
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Definition
| A factor determines the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion, it is a property that depends on the particle size of the substance and the nature of the medium in which diffusion is occurring. |
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Definition
| The charge separation generated by this process can be measured as an electrical voltage between the two chambers. |
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Definition
| A key factor that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion. Greater distances reduce the rate of net movement. |
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Definition
| Changes the regulated variable in the direction of the setpoint. |
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Definition
| A process of cellular uptake in which a small region of the plasma membrane is first indented to form a pocket and then is pinched off to form an endocytotic vesicle. |
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Definition
| A packet of plasma membrane containing anything that was within the pocket when it formed. |
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Definition
| Any of a very large class of complex proteinaceous substances that are produced by living cells, that are essential to life by acting like catalysts in promoting at the cell temperature usually reversible reactions. |
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Definition
| The magnitude of (E) is directly related to the magnitude of the concentration gradient, since one must balance the other. |
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Definition
| A process in which one solute may be exchanged for another (antiport) |
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Definition
| A process in which intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the exterior. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Compartment |
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Definition
| All of the solution outside cells. |
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Definition
| All fluid outside cells - two main components: interstitial fluid & blood plasma. |
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Definition
| Solution that contains a lower concentration of impermeant solute than normal cytoplasm, causes cells placed in to swell. |
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Definition
| Fluid that immediately surrounds cells in tissue |
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Definition
| A homeostatic challenge that adds additional impermeant solute to the ECF without changing the total water content of the body will drive movement of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment until osmotic concentrations of both compartments areagain equal, but higher than normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge. |
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Definition
| A solution that contains a higher solute concentration and causes cells to shrink |
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Definition
| Solutions throughout most oragsn and tissues in which the osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm is approxiately 300 mOsmoles/liter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A homeostatic challenge that decreases total extracellular solute will result in osmotic flow of water into the cells until the osmotic concentration of the two compartments becomes equal, but lower than normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions never stay more than a short distance away from a corresponding counterion. |
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Term
| Intracellular compartment |
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Definition
| A compartment, which is surrounded by a water-permeable barrier, that holds all of the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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Term
| Na+ glucose cotransporter |
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Definition
| Uses the downhill gradient of Na+ into the cells, which is generated by the Na+/K+ pump, to drive glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mathematical relationship between the two forms of energy—electrical and chemical—is described: EK+ = RT/zF ln ([K+]left/[K+]right). |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to minimize deviations from a setpoint value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature. It works by having sensors that can measure the regulated variable, controllers that can compare the measured value with the setpoint, and by activating effectors that can move the variable in the direction of its setpoint. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constant low level of tension in all muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in virtually all cells, the Na+/K+ pump. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences, respond to the binding of messenger substances from inside or outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits 1 ATP and mediates the ejection of 3 Na+ from the cell in exchange for 2 K+ moved from outside to in. Since the cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of K+ than the extracellular fluid, the situation is the reverse for Na+. Both Na+ and K+ are moved against their concentration gradients by the pump. |
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Definition
| Net movement of substances by diffusion; does not require the input of extra energy from cellular metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| An equilibrium pressure directly related to the concentration of solute particles. |
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Definition
| Very small molecules (i.e. water) or substances that can dissolve lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which cells of the immune system can engulf whole bacteria or particles of foreign material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uptake of extracellular fluid w/ water and solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device in which two rigid compartments are separated by a barrier that is permeable to water but not to solute. One compartment contains pure water, whereas the other one contains a solution of unknown concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The carrier derives it's energy from ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| A difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature. |
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Processes not driven by ATP but by a transmembrane gradient of some other solute. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In negative feedback, measure the state of the regulated variable and pass this information to a controller that compares it with a predetermined setpoint. |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| The movement to the cellular interior certain membrane proteins, together with specific extracellular substances that have become bound to the receptors. It is an important method of regulating the number of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane proteins in the cellular interior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carrier before all are translocated. |
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Definition
| Proteins that span the cell membrane, providing alternative routes through the membrane, channel and carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Means of increasing heat production within body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical signals between neurons and neurons or between neurons and muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrier proteins, of which the most common form is the Na+/K+ pump, found in virtually all cells. |
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