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| Accessory Digestive organs |
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Definition
| include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, and pancreas. |
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| The posterior opening of the large intestine. |
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| Pathways for an excess of nutrients for growth and/or nutrient storage. |
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| The terminal portion of the rectum that is surrounded by the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle). |
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Definition
| A funnel-shaped region that leads into the pylorus. |
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Definition
| Small clusters of cells surrounding a hollow cavity. |
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Definition
| Intestinal phase of digestion during which glucose, amino acids, and triacylglycerols are entering the body. |
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Definition
| The gastrointestinal tract. |
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Definition
| Passes superiorly from the cecum and makes a bend (the right colic or hepatic flexure) into the transverse colon. |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone (also known as human gastrin-releasing peptide). |
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Definition
| The regular contractions of gut smooth muscle are the result of regular waves of depolarization and repolarization. |
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Definition
| At this point, the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm and joins the stomach. |
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| A secretion of the liver. |
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Definition
| Enzyme that is activated by insulin and converts the plasma lipid into free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Definition
| Closes off the esophagus to protect it from damage by reflux of acidic stomach contents, opening only when a bolus of swallowed food approaches the sphincter. |
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Definition
| The rate of energy consumption that occurs in an awake but inactive and fasting person. |
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Definition
| The beginning of the large intestine, lying in the right lower abdominal quadrant. |
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Definition
| Fat droplets that are passed to the basal sides of the cells and released by exocytosis. |
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Definition
| Converts triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Definition
| A thick suspension of ingested food from the processes of digestion of the mouth and stomach. |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex required for many of the effects of epinephrine and glucagon. |
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Definition
| The part of the large intestine that runs from the cecum to the rectum. |
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| Formed by the joining of the right and left hepatic ducts, which collect bile formed by the liver. |
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Definition
| The process of swallowing. |
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Definition
| The removal the amino group from a compound. |
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Definition
| A branch from the common hepatic duct that leads to the gall bladder. |
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Definition
| The spaces between the villi in the small intestine. |
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Definition
| Makes an S-shaped curve medially to form the sigmoid colon, then leading to the rectum. |
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Definition
| Droplets of fat in adipose cells. |
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Definition
| Cells that add bicarbonate to a primary secretion of the acinar cells, which contains the inactive precursors of a number of important digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
| The initial step of fat digestion in which large fat droplets are converted to small ones by the detergent action of the bile salts. |
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Definition
| Separates the liver into right and left lobes. |
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Definition
| The proximal end of the small intestine that mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice. |
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Term
| Enterochromaffin-like cells |
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Definition
| ECL cells are endocrine cells that secrete histamine. |
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Definition
| Part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in deglutition. |
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Definition
| reflexes: Reflexes that are triggered by the arrival of food in the stomach and duodenum. |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla important for the postabsorptive state. |
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Definition
| One of four regions of the stomach, a cup-shaped, superior-most region lying just inferior to the diaphragm. |
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Definition
| The tube system through which food passes, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. |
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Definition
| Reflexes triggered by the arrival of food in the stomach and duodenum. |
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Definition
| Where bile can be stored and concentrated during the interdigestive period between meals. |
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Definition
| Invaginations of the mucosal surface of the stomach. Within the glands are parietal cells, zymogen (chief) cells, enteroendocrine cells (G cells), and D cells. |
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Term
| gastroesophageal sphincter |
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Definition
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Definition
| Hormones secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells. |
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Definition
| Cells that play a central role in the control of the rate of acid secretion. |
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Definition
| Cells that secrete the layer of mucus that gives the mucosa its name. |
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Definition
| The vein that brings blood to the liver. |
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Definition
| Formed by the convergence of the bile duct and the pancreatic duct, where bile mixes with pancreatic juice. |
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Definition
| A series of pouch-like invaginations in the wall of the colon. |
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Term
| human gastrin-releasing peptide |
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Definition
| The peptide hormone bombesin. |
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Definition
| Comprises the final approximately 3.5 meters of the small intestine. |
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Definition
| The proximal end of the large intestine. |
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Definition
| The artery that brings blood to the liver. |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted from pancreatic beta cells, stimulated by the rise in blood levels of glucose and amino acids. |
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Definition
| The spaces between the villi in the small intestine. |
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Definition
| A structure that runs from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus, a length of about 1.5 meters. |
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Definition
| Those organs, such as the stomach and the liver, that are suspended from mesentery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid left by the removal of the amino group from an amino acid. |
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Term
| Intestinogastric reflexes |
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Definition
| Reflexes that regulate of gastric emptying by the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two- and four-carbon fragments of fatty acids (acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid). |
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Definition
| After the duodenum, makes up approximately the next 2 meters of the small intestine. |
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Definition
| The spaces between the villi in the small intestine. |
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Definition
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Definition
| One of the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle. |
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Definition
| A sheet-like connection formed by the peritoneum between the parietal peritoneum and some of the abdominal organs. The mesentery carries blood and lymphatic vessels. |
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Definition
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Definition
| One of four layers of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of an epithelial layer, a basement membrane or lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. |
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Definition
| A layer of smooth muscle in the GI tract. |
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Definition
| A nipple-like opening into the duodenum. |
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Definition
| In the intestinal chyme, aggregates formed with bile salts and free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other fat-soluble dietary constituents, including fat-soluble vitamins. |
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Definition
| Secreted by the stomach to protect against self-digestion. |
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Definition
| The movement from place to place in the GI in which a ring of contracted muscle forms at the proximal end of the tube system and travels toward the distal end, sweeping gut contents ahead of it. |
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Definition
| An epithelial membrane that covers the wall of the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
| Guards the entry into the intestine. |
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Term
| pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
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Definition
| The swallowing process begins with the sequential contraction of the three muscles, which forces the bolus of food from the oropharynx into the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this state, nutrients are not entering from the intestine and the energy needs of the body must be met by drawing on reserves. |
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Definition
| Scattered on the serosal surface of the small intestine, aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are involved in protecting against food-borne infections. |
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Definition
| A canal terminating with the pyloric sphincter. |
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Definition
| Substances derived from food (small peptides and amino acids are the most potent). |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts starch to oligosaccharides. |
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Term
| segmentation contractions |
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Definition
| Mixes the GI’s contents; rings of contracted muscle form at intervals along the tube, and when these rings relax, a new set of rings forms at previously relaxed sites. |
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Definition
| Organs, such as the pancreas, that lost their connection with the mesentery during development lie behind the posterior wall of parietal peritoneum. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Restores fluid homeostasis. Since the volume of extracellular fluid can be restored only if missing NaCl is also restored, such solutions are salty. However, the effectiveness of the solution is greatly enhanced by inclusion of glucose and/or amino acids. |
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Definition
| Increases secretion of bicarbonate by liver and pancreas; inhibits gastric secretion. |
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Definition
| The last 12 cm of the large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three prominent bands of longitudinal muscle of the large intestine. |
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Term
| single-unit smooth muscle |
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Definition
| The muscle type of the gastric and intestinal muscularis. |
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Definition
| Blood-filled spaces in the liver. |
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Definition
| Passes along the anterior abdomen just under the diaphragm. |
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Definition
| Secreted by D cells, an inhibitor of gastric secretion. |
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Definition
| Part of the large intestine that leads to the rectum, located at the level of the iliac crest. |
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Definition
| A major constituent of urine. |
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Definition
| The inactive form of the protease trypsin. |
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Definition
| The cecum projects from its inferior aspect. |
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Definition
| Attack specific peptide bonds, converting proteins to peptide fragments; also activate the inactive precursors of all pancreatic enzymes. |
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Definition
| A membrane that encloses some abdominal organs. |
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