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Definition
| A genetic disease most common in people of Mediterranean ancestry that is the result of a mutation that impairs synthesis of beta chains. |
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Definition
| The standard pressure at sea level, 760 mm Hg. |
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Definition
| An inflammatory or allergic response to air contaminants, respiratory infection, exercise, or cold air causes the release of chemical mediators of immune response, such as histamine, that cause the airway smooth muscle to contract. |
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Definition
| A decrease in pH, which results from production of acidic endproducts. |
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Definition
| The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. |
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Definition
| An area only the airway in which some of the air moved through the respiratory system ventilates, thus not mediating gas exchange. |
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Definition
| The superior tip of the lung. |
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Definition
| Small cavities that constitute the respiratory zone of the lung where gas exchange actually takes place. |
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Term
| Chronic mountain sickness |
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Definition
| In high altitudes, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood may increase the viscosity of the blood, which places a greater load on the heart and actually may impair blood flow into the capillaries of some tissues. |
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Term
| Brain stem respiratory area |
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Definition
| Neurons involved in generating the respiratory motor output are located in several nuclei in the brain stem. |
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Definition
| If volume is held constant, pressure is proportional to temperature. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The process by which the increase in pulmonary blood flow during exercise opens up some pulmonary capillaries that are not used during rest. |
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Definition
| The epithelial tissue that generates the cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Definition
| Changes in lung volume measured during a forced expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entry of ingested materials into the trachea instead of the esophagus is prevented by its rotation. |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| A value that represents additional air that could be exhaled with an effort. |
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Definition
| The tendency of a structure to return to its original size after being distended. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion depends on this value, which determines the rate of gas movement in the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immediate effect unrelated to training, arising instead from the greater surface area of the more expanded lungs and from an improvement in the ventilation/perfusion ratio with greater blood flow to the lungs. |
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Definition
| With the sphenoid bone, forms the roof of the nasal cavity. |
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Definition
| The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases that make up the mixture. |
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Definition
| Conversion of some of the lactic acid to glucose by the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of a gas in water solution is determined by the partial pressure of the gas multiplied by its temperature-dependent solubility constant. |
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Definition
| An indentation on the medial surface of the lung, through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the lung. |
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Term
| Forced vital capacity (FVC) |
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Definition
| A measurable value for a forced expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The work done to move air against the airway resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflex that terminate inspirations due to inputs from stretch receptors in the lung and chest wall. |
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Term
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) |
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Definition
| A value that measures the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume. |
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Definition
| A condition in which there is a lack of enough surfactant to properly inflate their lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphic method for analyzing blood acid-base status. |
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Definition
| The actual tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid that lets the lungs slide over the thoracic surface as they change in volume in the respiratory cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Centers that reflect arousal and emotion that send input to the respiratory area of the brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in blood oxygenation. |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| The maximal inspiration possible. |
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Definition
| The space between the pleura, filled with a small quantity of intrapleural fluid. |
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Definition
| Branching from the primary bronchi, three on the right and two on the left, corresponding to the lobes of the lung. |
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Definition
| The point at which two elastic forces—the tendency of the chest wall to spring outward and that of the lung to collapse inward—balance. |
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Definition
| The total volume of air moved through the respiratory system in one minute. |
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Definition
| Blood that fills the right atrium passed through different organs or tissues and was exposed to the gas partial pressures characteristic of that tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure P inside a bubble (or any elastic sphere) is a function of the wall tension T and the radius r: P = 2T/r. |
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Definition
| A condition due to ingestion of some alkali or the loss of natural acid (e.g., repeated vomiting); the retained carbon dioxide counteracts the effect of the alkali. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acidosis due to fixed acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the structures that make up the airway that is an organ of sound production. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure of the airway posterior to the oral cavity, where air and food must share a common pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which an injury that affects the bulbospinal tracts that project from brain stem centers to respiratory motor neurons can deprive the victim of automatic respiration, leaving him with voluntary control only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases, such as asthma, in which the flow resistance of the airway is increased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passing posteriorly, the air enters this structure, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the soft palate. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the structures of the airway that air first enters. |
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Term
| One-second forced expiratory volume |
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Definition
| A measurable value for a forced expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines the surface of the thoracic wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overventilated alveoli, a situation prevented by ventilation-perfusion matching. |
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Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| Receptors that register primarily decreases in blood oxygenation, but also increases in plasma H+ concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity of the blood to carry oxygen as determined by its hemoglobin content. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fractional volume of the gas in the mixture multiplied by the total pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of the increase in oxidative energy metabolism in contracting fibers during exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underventilated alveoli, if ventilation-perfusion matching did not occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during the period of exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which, if the chest wall were punctured, the pressure gradient would force air into the intrapleural space, collapsing the lung and allowing the chest wall to spring outward noticeably. |
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Term
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Definition
| A branch of the vagus nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excess of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The remaining gas in the lungs that could not be expelled. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phospholipid that interferes with the attraction of water molecules to one another and reduces the surface tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double layer of membranous tissue within the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the structures of the airway. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that results from a mutation that altered a single amino acid in the sequence for the beta chain. Hemoglobin comes out of solution and crosslinks to form a crystal-like structure when it is deoxygenated, as when passing through systemic capillaries. This state change distorts the red cells, giving them a characteristic sickle shape that interferes with orderly transition of the red cells through capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that results from sensory or nervous conditions that cause hyperventilation (anxiety, cold exposure, certain nervous stimulant drugs) or from rapid travel to high altitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| The alveoli, where gas exchange actually takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tonic stimulation of respiratory centers that maintains some steady level of respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| With the ethmoid bone, forms the roof of the nasal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that, with the scalenes, lift the ribcage at the superior end by traction applied to the sternum and first rib. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air capacities measured in the absence of airflow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest bronchioles, each of which gives rise to a number of respiratory bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| 500 ml of air from atmosphere driven through the airway to the alveolar sacs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum amount of air that can exist in the lungs at one time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main potential source of wall tension in alveoli that is developed by the thin layer of fluid that covers the alveolar surface, greatly decreasing pulmonary compliance. |
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Term
| 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) |
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Definition
| A chemical mediator produced by red blood cells as they pass through tissues that are not receiving adequate oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors in the lung and chest wall that terminate inspirations, preventing overinflation and assisting the CNS in optimizing the efficiency of respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of mucosal folds within the larynx. Sound production involves adjusting the position and tension of the vocal cords in a stream of expired air flowing through the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ventilation-Perfusion matching |
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Definition
| Each respiratory bronchiole and its arterioles indulge in a continuous matching process, which ultimately optimizes the performance of the whole lung. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest volume that can be ventilated in one breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure of the airway that, with the soft palate, prevents the reflux of food into the nasal cavity during swallowing. |
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