Term
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Definition
| The rejoining of the capillaries of each capillary bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chest pain caused when the heart is called on to increase its performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of antibody binding; if the determinants happen to belong to different microbial cells, the effect is to handcuff the cells together, limiting their ability to spread. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branching from the renal arteries within the cortex of the kidney, each serves a single functional excretory unit, a nephron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphoid organs on the pharyngeal roof. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate increased levels of activity in the other cell types of their clone. |
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Term
| Afferent lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| Vessels that bring lymph to the nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An invader bearing particular molecular components. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity |
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Definition
| One type of attack of the specific immune system that does not express antibodies against the body’s own constituents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflex, but in this case, the receptors are in the walls of the right atrium and venae cavae, where they monitor venous return. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disease in which plaque forms on the walls of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates the mean arterial pressure of the systemic loop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical agents that recognize and bind specific structural aspects of foreign materials and infecting cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continuous circulation of fluid across the capillary wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediate a constant movement of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), oxygen, and hormones from plasma to interstitial fluid and a corresponding uptake of lactic acid and other metabolites, carbon dioxide, and chemical messengers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial segment of the nephron. |
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Term
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Definition
| One type of attack of the specific immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockage of an artery or rupture of an artery in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure through which each drop of blood passes in its transit through the systemic circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which neutrophils and monocytes are attracted to an inflamed area. |
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Term
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Definition
| A barrier in which the junctions of brain capillaries are essentially closed to the passage of fluid and small polar solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporates about a dozen proteins, that, when activated by antibody binding, can punch holes in the cells of microbes and parasites, stimulate the attack of phagocytes, and attract phagocytes to the scene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplies the left atrium and the posterior part of the left ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| CD8 cells that attack invaders directly, recognizing them through T cell receptors carried on the cell surface and secreting toxic substances that destroy the invading cells by perforating their plasma membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood to specific body regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows much of the umbilical venous blood to bypass the liver and enter the fetal vena cava. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which leukocytes first stick to the walls of blood vessels in the area and then squeeze through intercellular junctions to enter the affected tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects the fetal aortic arch and pulmonary trunk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins the carotid and vertebral pathways and allows either pathway to perfuse the entire brain if the other path is blocked. |
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Term
| Efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| Carry the filtered lymph onward toward the thoracic duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structures through which most of the venous drainage of the brain enters, lying between the two layers of cranial dura mater surrounding the cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A clinical condition of swelling caused by excessive interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the rejoining of the glomerular capillaries, serving a second peritubular capillary bed surrounding the cortical parts of the tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The trunk of the arterial tree that include the aorta and its thoracic branches, the common iliac arteries of the thighs, and the pulmonary trunk that passes from right ventricle to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers surrounding the cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| One factor that controls arteriolar diameter by input from the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| One factor that controls arteriolar diameter by chemical substances released by the cells in the immediate vicinity of the arteriole. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imperfect division of the fetal heart that penetrates the septal wall between the atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions formed by the light chains and heavy chains within the structure of an antibody. |
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Term
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Definition
| CD4 cells that interact with the B cell clones that can react to the same antigen, promoting secretion of antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for generating a primary ultrafiltrate of plasma in the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a backbone joined by multiple disulfide bonds at the fork of the Y structure of the antibody; both heavy chains lie parallel in the stem of the Y, and each one forms one of the branches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid loss of blood volume through bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stem of the antibody Y structure that is part of the heavy chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collects venous blood from the abdominal and pelvic digestive organs and delivers this blood by way of the hepatic portal vein. |
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Term
| Hypothalamoadenohypo-physeal portal system |
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Definition
| Connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis of the pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A line along which veins exit the spleen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The forces that affect fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivers the venous blood collected by the hepatic portal system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The five families of antibodies. |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-anterior hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| Carries blood that has perfused the hypothalamus of the brain to a second capillary bed in the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilation of blood vessels resulting in an increase in blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytotoxic cells that attack invading cells directly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that interfere with replication of viral DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The milky appearance of the intestinal lymphatics after a meal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of substances that serve as chemical mediators of inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure through which the left and right internal jugular veins leave the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxic substances that destroy the invading cells by perforating their plasma membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches from the right coronary artery descending vertically, serving the right ventricle. |
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Term
| Lymphatic collecting vessels |
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Definition
| Vessels into which lymphatic capillaries drain. At intervals, the collecting vessels pass through lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which proteins that, when activated by antibody binding, can punch holes in the cells of microbes and parasites causing bursting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the convergence of the largest lymphatic collecting vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that phagocytize disease organisms and other foreign materials that pass through in the lymph. |
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Term
| Major histocompatibility class (MHC) proteins |
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Definition
| Cell surface proteins involved the interaction between macrophages and T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure containing elements of the immune system that literally screen the flowing lymph for the presence of foreign materials. Clusters of lymph nodes are located in the inguinal (groin), axillary, and cervical regions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) |
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Definition
| The volume flow rate to the venous return (VR), and the flow resistance to the total peripheral resistance (TPR), so that VR = MAP/TPR. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single functional excretory unit in the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| One type of immune response that is not conditioned by previous exposure to the particular invader and is effective against a wide variety of invasions. |
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Term
| Peritubular capillary bed |
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Definition
| Surrounds the cortical parts of the tubule in the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which proteins that, when activated by antibody binding, stimulate the attack of phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ensure that at subsequent encounters with the same antigen, the secondary response will be able to draw on a larger clone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the introduction of antibodies raised in another host. Good examples of this occur in pregnancy and lactation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lung with an excess of interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems that have two capillary beds in series. These include the hepatic portal system and the hypothalamoadenohypophyseal portal system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of lymphatic follicles in the wall of the distal small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells for antibody production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that can ingest foreign materials and digest them. |
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Term
| Posterior cerebral arteries |
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Definition
| Arteries that serve the occipital lobes and part of the temporal lobes of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The osmotic gradient between plasma and interstitial fluid that results from the fact that proteins do not freely enter the interstitial fluid from the plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response triggered by exposure to nonself antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the vascular system, arterioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood in thoracic veins cannot flow backward because of the valves, so it must flow forward into the right atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The response that occurs each time the antigen is encountered again. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which viruses cause their RNA sequences to be converted to DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| T cells that can identify any of the presented antigens. |
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Term
| Release-inhibiting factors |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus into the hypothalamic-anterior hypophyseal portal blood to control the secretion of anterior hypophyseal hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laid down by fibroblasts, providing the scaffolding that the basic structure of lymphoid tissues is based on. |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| A process in which the virus binds to a membrane surface protein (the receptor) and stimulates the cell to internalize the membrane-containing protein and virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fist-sized organ located in the superior left part of the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen has two functions—it screens for blood-borne antigens, and it removes aged red cells from circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| When appendicular muscles contract, they tend to squeeze the veins that run between and over them. This periodic squeezing forces blood through the valves and in the direction of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune responses that are directed only against an invader bearing particular molecular components (antigens) to which the body has previously been exposed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ensure that the response of the clone will not become unreasonably large. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized liver capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that allow much of the output of the fetal right heart to bypass the pulmonary loop of the collapsed fetal lungs and enter the systemic circulation (right-to-left shunts). |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries at the base of the neck. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowing of the arteries. |
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