1. Allosterically modified

2. Inhibited by ATP, Succinyl-CoA, NADH, Citrate

3. Activated by ADP, Ca²⁺, NAD⁺

4. Substrate (TCA intermediates) limit flux through the cycle

Pathways for moving cytosolic NADH into the Mitochondria

(slow, General info)

1. Malate-Aspartate shuttle

2. Involves 2 anitporter carriers (Glutamate/aspartate and Malate/α-ketogluterate)

3. Involves 2 enzymes Malate dehydrongenase and aspartate aminotransferase

Pathways for moving cytosolic NADH into the Mitochondria

(slow, step-by-step 6)

1. In cytosol, oxaloacetate --> malate by malate dehydrogenase and NADH

2. Malate through transporter

3. Malate back to Oxaloacetate, make NADH

4. Oxaloacetaate--> aspartate becasue glutamate -->

α-ketogluterate

5. Aspartate back to cytosol via transporter

6. Aspartate-->oxaloacetate because α-ketogluterate--> Glutamate

Pathways for moving cytosolic NADH into the Mitochondria

(fast)

1. NADH, reduces dihydroxyacetonephosphate

->glycerol 3-phos by c. glyerol-3P dehydrogenase

2. Step one is reversed by  m. glycerol-3P dehydrogenase (like complex 2) FADH₂ produced, e^- transfer to ubiquinone

1. dihydroxyacetonephosphate-> glycerol 3P

2. add 1 then another fatty acid chain from acyl-CoA to C 1&2(by acyl transferase)

3. remove P and add 3rd fattyacid chian from acyl-CoA

1. first add AMP to fatty acid

2. then add CoA, AMP leaving grp

3. get PPi and Acyl-CoA

4. drive forward rxn by removing (using) PPi

Fatty acids moved into Mitochondria

and it inhibition

1. Carnitine shuttle

2. Acyl-CoA +Carnitine--> CoA + acyl-carnitine By caritine acyl transferase 1

3. move into matirx

4. CoA + acyl-carnitine --> Acyl-CoA +Carnitine, by acyl carn. transferase 2

5. inhibited by malonyl-CoA (need to syn fatty acids)

1. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase(bound to inner mebrane in e- chian give e- to Q) make trans double bond between C 2&3 make FADH₂

2. enoyl-CoA hydratase add water across double bond

3. hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidize hydorxyl to ketone make NADH

4. thiolase add CoA to new carbonly carbon --> acetyl-CoA and new shorter acyl-CoA

1. Propionyl CoA formed (3C)

2. through several rxns converted to Succinyl-CoA

1. thiolase add to acetyl-CoA, one Co-A released

2. HMG-CoA synthase add H₂O form hydroxyl, and 3rd acetyl-CoA, 1 CoA released

3. HMG-CoA lyase remove acetyl-CoA and oxidize to carboxyl(acetoacetate)

4.  Hydroxybuterate dehydrogenase reduce to hydorxy acetoacetate-> hydroxybuterate

1. liver lacks 2nd enzyme

2. hydroxybuterate -> acetoacetate, make NADH

HB dehydrogenase

3. β-ketoacyl-CoA trasnferase adds CoA from succinyl-CoA to acetoacetate-> acetoacetyl-CoA

4. thiolase splits acetoacetyl-CoA,

acetoacetyl-CoA+ Co-A-->2 aCoA

1. uses several TCA steps

2. aCoA+oxaloacetate--> citrate

3. citrate to cytosol

4. citrate--> oxaloacetate+aCoA (use ATP)

5. Oxaloacetate-->malate (to mito.) OR malate-> pyruvate to mito.

6. malate/pyruvate(add CO2) --> oxaloacetate

1. commited step of fatty acid syn

2. need biotin prosthetic group

3. add HCO3(CO2) to aCoA

4. by aCoA carboxylase

1. first adds mCoA to aCOA, then adds mCoA to growing acylCoA

2. acetyl and malonyl transfered to -S of f.a.synthase

3. acetly replaces term CO2

4. NADPH reduces carboxyl

5. water leaves, form double bond

6. NADPH reduces double bond

7. repeate, repeate, repeate