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| Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand |
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| 15th century Spanish king and queen who united the kingdoms of Iberia, drove out the Moors, began the Inquisition, expelled the Jews, and sponsored Columbus' expeditions to the West |
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| Genoese mariner who, while attempting to sail west to reach China, accidentally "discovered" America for the Europeans; after five voyages, died in obscurity still believing he had found China |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portuguese prince and patron of ocean navigation; sponsored exploration of Atlantic islands and conquest of African coastal ports; supported modernizaqtion of maps and navigation instruments and ships |
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| 15th and 16th century Italian merchant and navigator whose New World voyages inspired German map maker to name the New World after him: "America" |
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| Portuguese navigator, sailing for Spain, led first expedition to circumnavigate the globe in 1519; died in the Philippines |
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| Spanish conquistador who led conquering expedition to Mexico in 1519; with a handful of men and horses, he overcame Aztec king with the help of disgruntled Indian allies |
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| Tragic king of Aztecs who was killed by Cortes' forces after he had surrendered to them in Tenochitlan, the Aztec capital, in 1520. |
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| 16th century Spanish Dominican who opposed the harsh treatment of the Indians, claiming that they were "children of God" who should be treated with respect and encouraged to convert to the Christian faith. |
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| 16th century German Augustan monk who left the Roman Catholic Church after protesting its widespread corruption; advocated that "everymen was his own priest" and that we are saved from sin and death only by our faith, not by any "works" of the Church or man. Generally regarded as the founder of The Protestant Reformation. |
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| name given to pandemic bubonic plague that swept the Middle East and Europe in the 14th century, killing one-third of the European population |
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| 16th century movement of Christians protesting the corruptions and heresies of the Roman Catholic Church; preached salvation by faith; emphasized literacy and Bible reading for laymen; decentralized Christian churches |
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| the long process in which Christians drove the Moors (Muslims) out of Spain; completed in 1492 when Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand drove the Moors from Granada, their last stronghold in Iberia |
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| 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal settling rival claims to territory in the New World; Spain got all the lands west of a fixed meridian; Portugal to the east (Brazil); sponsored by the Pope |
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| For many centuries, European explorers searched for the suspected sea passage to the north to the Pacific and China; it didn't exist, but this was not known for certain until the 18th century |
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| term of modern historians to describe the massive and profound ecological consequences of the exchange of flora and fauna from the isolated New World and the Old World |
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| name of the heroic and brutal first generation of Spanish explorers and conuerors in the New World who set themselves up and acted as mini-kings in their new kingdoms |
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| nmame of the Spanish colonies in the New World |
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| the share of revenue every Spanish monarch expected as a return for sponsoring expeditions to the New World |
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| the rights to Indian labor given to conquistadors; in return, their ruler was expected to provide protection and spiritual guidance in Christian faith; in practice a form of slavery |
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| people of European lineage born in the New World |
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| people of "mixed" lineage: a Creole father and an Indian mother. |
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| The most successful Indian revolt against the Europeans: Pueblo Indians in 1680, led by Pope, attacked Spanish settlers and killed some 400; maintained independence in New Mexico until ten years later. When the Spanish returned and reconquered the Indians. |
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| First English colony in North America; founded on coast of North Carolina;failed in 1587; abandoned settl;ement discovered by returning English; English did not return in force until 1607 and Jamestown, VA |
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