Term
| the central nervous system [contains] |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| The peripheral nervous systme [contains] |
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Definition
| cranial nerves [12 pairs], and spinal nerves [31 pairs]. |
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Term
| the subcatagories of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent) |
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Term
| The sensory division of PNS |
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Definition
| transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Term
| Location of cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Definition
| in ganglia near the spinal cord, or near the origin of certain cranial nerves |
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Term
| the motor division of the PNS |
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Definition
| transmits action potentials from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands |
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Term
| Subcatagories of motor division of PNS are |
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Definition
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| the somatic nervous system |
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Definition
| transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles. cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are located within the CNS, with axons that extend through nerves to form synapses with skeletal muscle cells |
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Term
| the subdivisions of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| meninges. the most superficial and thickest membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| sac formed by the dura mater, that surrounds the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the periosteum of the vertebral canal and the dura mater around the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| next deep layer of meninges. very thin, wispy membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest maninges layer. bound very tightly to the surface of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| space between arachnoid mater and pia mater |
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Term
| spinal nerves, sections and numbers |
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Definition
| cervical nerves (8 pairs), thoracic (12 pairs), lumbar (5 pairs), sacral nerves (5 pairs), coccygeal nerves (1 pair) |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic functional unit of the nervous system, and is the smallest, simplest portion capable or recieving a stimulus and producing a response |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, an interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector organ |
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Term
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Definition
| action potentials initiated in sensory neurons are transmitted along axons of sensory neuron to the CNS, where axons usually synapse with interneurons. interneurons synapse with motor neurons, which send axons out to spinal cord thought the PNS to muscles or glands, where the action potentials of the motor neurons cause the effector orgn to respond. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of mylinated axons forming nerve tracts. columns and tracts. |
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Term
| each half of the spinal cord, the white matter is divided into three columns. Other word for columns and names. |
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Definition
| columns-->funiculi, ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column. |
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Term
| subdivisions of white matter columns. |
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Definition
| nerve tracts-->fasciculi.ventral column- descending nerve tracts. dorsal nerve column- ascending nerve tracts. lateral column- mostly descending nerve tracts |
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Term
| ascending vs descending, sensory or motor |
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Definition
| ascending-sensory, descending-motor |
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Term
| grey matter (consists of) |
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Definition
| neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into horns. each side has a posterior horn, the thinner one. and an anterior horn, the thicker one. |
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Term
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Definition
| innervate most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk responsible for movement of the vertebral column. also, innervate the connective tissue and skin near the midline of the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| in thoracic region- form intercoastal nerves which extend along the inferior margin of each rib and innervate intercoastal muscles and skin over the thorax. ventral rami of the remaining spinal nerves form five major plexuses |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the organization produced by intermingling of nerves. ventral rami of different spinal nerves, are called the roots of the plexus. |
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Term
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Definition
| C1-C4. innervates superficial neck structures, and skin of the neck posterior to the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| C5-T1. major nerves emerging from plexus, the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| S4, S5, and the coccygeal nerve. supplies motor innervation to muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx. |
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Term
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Definition
| combinations of lumbar and sacral. derived from this, the obturator nerve, femoral nerve, tibial nerve, and common fibular. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- brachial plexus. innervates the deltoid and teres minor mucles. provides sensory innervation to the shoulder joint and to the skin over part of the shoulder. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- brachial plexus, descends within deep aspect of posterior arm. innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb, the supinator muscle, and the brachioradicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- brachial plexus. provides motor innervation to the anterior muscles of the arm as well as cutaneous sensory innervation to part of the forearm. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- brachial plexus. innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles, except some asscociated with the thumb. its sensory distribution is to the ulnar side of the hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- brachial plexus. innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles at the base of the thumb, called the thenar area of the hand. its cutaneous sensory distribution is to the radical portion of the palm of the hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- lumbosacral plexus. supplies the muscles that adduct the thigh. its cutaneous sensory distribution is to the medial side of the thigh. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- lumbosacral plexus. innervates the iliopsoas and sartorius muscles and quadriceps femoris group. its cutaneous sensory distribution is the anterior and the lateral thigh and the medial leg and foot. |
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Term
| tibial nerve and common fibular nerve |
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Definition
| form the sciatic, or ischiatic nerve, the largest peripheral nerve in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- lumbosacral nerve. innervates most of the posterior thigh and leg muscle. branches into the foot to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves, which innervate the plantar muscles of the foot and skin over the sole of the foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| origin- lumbosacral plexus. divides into the deep and the superficial fibular nerves. these innervate the andterior and lateral muscles of the lef and foot. the cutaneous distriubution of the common fibula nerve and its branches is the lateral and anterior leg and the dorsum of the foot. |
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Term
| brainstem (made up of what parts?) |
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Definition
| the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| medulla. the most inferior part of the brainstem. contains sensory and motor nerve tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, related nuclei, and part of the reticular formation. center for several important reflexes, including heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. descending nevre tracts invloved in conscious control of skeletal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| to cross over. describes the cross over of descending nerve tracts to opposite side. |
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Term
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Definition
| two rounded, oval structure, protruding from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. are nuclei involved in functions such as balance and coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| directly above the medulla. contains ascending and descending nerve tracts and several nuclei. nuclei of the pons relay information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. reflex centers, for sleep, respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest part of the brainstem, directly above the pons. ascending and descending nerve tracts. visual reflexes, and part of audiotory pathways in CNS. |
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Term
| medulla is responsible for |
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Definition
| vital reflexes. heart rate, vessel size, respiration. |
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Term
| functions of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| control of muscle movement and tone, balance, and cooridination |
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Term
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Definition
| the whit matter of the cerebellum. resembles branching out of tree. nuclei of cerebellum located in the deep inferior center of white matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum. main components- thalamus, sucthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest portion of diencephalon. a cluster of nuclei. large portion of sensory input goes here including auditory and visual information, and most other sensory impulses. synapses happen here. influences mood and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| most inferior portion of diencephalon, contains several small nuclei and nerve tracts. olfactory reflexes, emotional responses to odor, important role in controling the endocrine system by regulating pituitary gland's secretions. major control center for regulating homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| division between hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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Term
| primary motor cortex(band) |
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Definition
| precentral gyrus. anterior to the central sulcus. |
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Term
| primary sensory cortex(band) |
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Definition
| postcentral gyrus. located posterior to the central sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| important to voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, the sense of smell, and mood. |
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Term
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Definition
| major center for reception and evaluation of sensory information except for smell, hearing, and vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in the reception and integration of visual input. not directly seperated from other lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| recieves and evaluates input for smell and hearing, and plays important role in memory. anterior and inferior portions associated with brain functions such as thought and judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter of the brain between cortex and nuclei. nerve tracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest bundle of commissural fibers connecting the two hemispheres |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| fluid similar to serum with most of the proteins removed. bathes brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion around the CNS. provides some nutrients to CNS tissues. produced in the ventricles, mainly the lateral ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells within the ventricles, their support tissue, and associated blood vessels. |
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Term
| major difference between sheep and human brains |
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Definition
| human cerebrum are much larger and more superiorty located vs. anteriorly in the sheep. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory- include special senses like vision, and more general senses like touch and pain. sematic motor- refer to the control of skeletal muscles through motor neurons. parasympathetic- involves regulation of glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactory. exclusively sensory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic. exclusively sensory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oculomotor. somatic motor and parasympathetic. innervates four of six muscles that move eyeball, and muscle that raises the superior eyelid. innervate smooth muscles in the eye and regulate size of pupil and shape of lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trochlear. somatic motor. innervates one of the six eye muscles responsible for eyeball movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trigeminal. somatic motor and sensory. damage here could impair chewing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abducent, or Abducens. somatic motor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vestibulocochlear. exclusively sensory. special hearing senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vagus. somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic. |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system, responsible for what kind of functioning |
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Definition
| involuntary, subconscious |
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Term
| sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter, bewtween T1 and L2. |
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Term
| parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| preganglionic neurons located both superior and inferior to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the psinal cord where sypathetic preganglionic neurons are found. |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system effectors |
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Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, epithelial tissue and glands |
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Term
| difference between the divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| ganglia location and regions of emergence from the CNS |
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Term
| sypathetic place of emergence |
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Definition
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Term
| parasympathetic place of emergence |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sympathetic axons reach organs through |
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Definition
| spinal nerves, head and neck plexuses, thoracic nerve plexuses, and abdominopelvic nerve plexuses. |
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Term
| parasympathetic axons reach organs through |
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Definition
| cranial nerves, thoracic nerve plexuses, abdominopelvic nerve plexuses, and pelvic nerves. |
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Term
| nerotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
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Definition
| sympathetic- norepinephrine, parasympathetic- acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, transparent mucous membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| covers inner surface os the eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the anterior white surface of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| produces tears, which leave gland through several lacrimal ducts |
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Term
| extrinisic muscles, allow what to do what |
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Definition
| allow the eyeball to move. |
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Term
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Definition
| four muscles that run more or less stright anteroposteriorly. the superior, inferior, medial, and laterl |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the midline, toward the center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| same as anterior, front. the ventral surface of the body is the belly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| superior and inferior, placed at an angle to the globe of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| outer- the fibrous tunic, middle- the vascular tunic, inner- the nervous tunic |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer tunic. consistas of the sclera and cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle tunic. consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. contains most of the blood vessels of the eyeball. |
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Term
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Definition
| inner tunic. consists of the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| firm, opaque, white outer layer of the posterior five-sixths of the eye. helps maintain the eyes shape, protects internal structures, and provides attachment point for the muscles that move it. |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with the sclera. an avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye, and bends, or refracts, that light, as part of the focusing system of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the vascular tunic. thin layer, under sclera. posterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches ciliary processes to the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with the choroid, and the iris is attached to its lateral margina. |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscles of the ciliary body. function as a sphincter, and contraction of these can change the shape of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| colored part of the eye. surrounds the pupil, and regulates the amount of light entering by controlling the size of the pupil. |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost, nervous tunic of the eye. consists of the |
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Term
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Definition
| outer.pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| inner. responds to light. contains 120 million photoreceptors cells and 6 to 7 million cones. covers the inner surface of the eye posterior to the chiliary body |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina, responsible for noncolor vision in low intensity light |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptor of the retina of the eye, responsible for color vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| near the center of the posterior retina, yellow spot, where light is focused. |
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Term
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Definition
| small pit in the center of the mascula lutea . together they make up the part where light is focused. portion of the retina with the greatest visual activity because the photoreceptor cells are more tightly packed there then aywhere else. |
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Term
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Definition
| just medial to the mascula lutea. white spot. through which blood vessels enter the eye and spread over surface of retina. spot where nerve processes from the snesory retina meet and pass thru outer two tunice and leave eye as optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by the optic disc. the disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light. |
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Term
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Definition
| watery, clear substance. fills the andterior and posterior chambers of the eye. helps maintin intraocular pressure. nutrients to the structures of the anterior chamber. |
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Term
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Definition
| venous ring at the base of the cornea. returns aqueous humor to circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| filling of the vitreous chamber of the eye. transparent, jellylike substance. not produced as raidly as aqueous humor. helps maintain pressure. holds lens and retina in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| suspended between the two eye compartments by the suspensory ligaments of the lens. transparent and biconvex. |
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Term
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Definition
| exams inside of eye, retina,and optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| type of refractive error, quality of focus is affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test to detect strabismus in which one eye focusing on a given point is covered; if the uncovered eye moves, strabismus is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| or pinna. fleshy outside part of ear. composed mostly of elastic cartilage covered with skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| passageway from the outside of ear to the eardrum. lined with hairs and ceruminous glands. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| components of the outer ear |
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Definition
| auricle and external acoustic meatus |
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Term
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Definition
| ear drum. a thin, semitransparents, nearly oval, three layered membrane that seperates outer and middle ear. eardrum to malleus to incus to stapes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| or auditory tube. opens into phyarynx, equalizes are pressure between outside air and middle ear cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| malleus, incus, and stapes. they transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window. |
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Term
|
Definition
| imbedded in bony laberinth. involved primarily in balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| imedded in bony labyrinth. involved primarily in balance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in bony labyrinth, in portion of temporal bone. involved in hearing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| device for viewing tympanum, or eardrum |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| surgical slit in tympanum |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion of tubes in slits in ear. tubes in ears. |
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|
Term
| functions of the respitory system |
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Definition
| gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, protection. |
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Term
| contents of respiratory system |
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Definition
| external nose, nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| three boney ridges of the lateral wallas of the nasal cavity. superior, middle, and inferior. |
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Term
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Definition
| passageways beneath each conchae. superior, middle, and inferior. |
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Term
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Definition
| common opening of both the digestive and respiratory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| behind choanae, and above the soft plate. the top. |
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Term
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Definition
| from the soft plate to the epiglottis. oral cavity opens into this. food, air, and drink all pass through here. |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus, and passes posterior to the larynx. food and drink pass through. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| largest of the cartilages. adam's apple. unpaired. |
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Term
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Definition
| most inferior cartilage. forms the base of the larynx. unpaired. |
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Term
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Definition
| unpaired cartilage. attached to thyroid cartilage and projects free flap toward the tongue. covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| articulate with the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilages. |
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Term
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Definition
| windpipe. 15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage. cartilages protect the trachea and maintain an open passageway for air. |
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Term
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Definition
| two main tubes branching off from trachea to each lung |
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Term
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Definition
| continued branching of bronchi of trachea. 1mm in diameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| small air filled chambers. place of gas exchange between the air and blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| volume of air inspired or expired with each breath |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| amount of air thatcan be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory volume, and expiratory volume. the maximum volume of air that a person can expel from their respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| space in the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur, formed by the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| right and left atrium, right and left ventricles |
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|
Term
| pericardium, or pericardial sac |
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Definition
| sac that surrounds the heart, containing pericardial fluid |
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|
Term
| superior and inferior vena cava |
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Definition
| carry blood from the body to the right atreum |
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Term
|
Definition
| carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| carries blood from left ventricle to the body. artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| artery that exts the heart. carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs |
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|
Term
| coronary arteries (left and right) |
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Definition
| exit the aorta just above where the aorta leaves the heart and lie within the coronary sulcus |
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Term
|
Definition
| runs obliquely around the heart, seperating the atria from the ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| in each atrioventricular canal and is composed of cusps and flaps. allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles but prevent blood from flowing back |
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Term
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and the ventricle, has three cusps. |
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Term
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Definition
| the atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventircle, has two cusps. |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, strong connective tissue stings that connect the papillary muscles. attached to cusps of cuspid valaves ad at their base, papillary muscle hillocks to absorb shock. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one transporting blood to each lung |
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Term
|
Definition
| leaving lungs and entering left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| supply blood to the cardiac muscles. branches from ascending aorta. |
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Term
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Definition
| branches from abdominal aorta. supply blood to the pelvis and the lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| first branch of the aortic arch. (to the left). very short artery, branches at the level with the clavicle |
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