Term
Largest single constituent of body
v Used as the medium for all chemical reactions in the body
v In the average adult, 2.___ of body weight is water
v Infants –3. _-_% of body wt. is water v Elderly 4.– _-_% of body wt. is water |
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Definition
| water 60%....70-75%....45-50% |
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Term
| number of grams of electrolytes in 1 liter of plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| used for physiologic processes and nerve conduction |
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Definition
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Term
| the pulling force exerted by colloid, pulls from interstitial into intravascular |
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Definition
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Term
No cell energy required...Solute moves from higher
concentration to lower concentration...Particles are evenly distribute... Need permeable membrane |
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Definition
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Term
• Solvent moves across permeable membrane
• Goes from lower concentration to higher concentration |
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Definition
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Term
• Requires metabolic activity and energy expenditure
• Carrier Molecules
• Movement against a pressure gradient |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of fluid pressures 1.2.3. |
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Definition
• Osmotic
• Oncotic
• Hydrostatic |
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Term
hemolysis occurs when there's 1.____ inside the cell
crenation occurs when theres 2.___ inside the cell |
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Definition
1. high solute concentration
2. low solute concentration |
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Term
| pulls fluid from the cell into the intravascular space, used for increasing blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| an osmotic diuretic, a hypertonic sugar, causes diuresis and is given to patients with cerebral edema |
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Definition
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Term
| the force of fluid pressing outward toward the blood vessel wall, twice as great at the arterial end of capillary then it is at the venous end |
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Definition
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Term
thirst center is regulated by the ___...
an increase in 2.___ sends this signal |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, plasma osmolarity |
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Term
1. monitors osmotic pressure, sends signals
2. these receptors send signals by stimulating ___ release |
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Definition
| osmoreceptors 2. angiotensin release |
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Term
| ____mL of water a day is recommended |
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Definition
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Term
• Estimated by doubling the serum Na • Used to measure dehydration....this value is called 1.____
normal values: 2.___-____ |
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Definition
1. serum osmolality
2. 275-300 |
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
• 1. osmotic pressure same as blood plasma
• 2. lower concentration of sodium than in blood
• 3. higher concentration of sodium than in blood |
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Definition
1. isotonic
2. hypotonic
3. hypertonic |
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Term
fluid intake
• Average adult: 1.____ml/24 hours
• Infants 2.___-___ ml/kg body weight/24 hrs.
• Elderly: ___ |
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Definition
1500mL/24 hours
130-160ml/kg
same shit |
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Term
| Urine output is regulated by: 1.2.3. |
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Definition
| 1. ADH 2. aldosterone 3. glucocorticoids |
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Term
| Sources of Fluid Loss 1.2.3. |
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Definition
| 1.skin 2.lungs 3.gastrointestinal (GI) |
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Term
| there is a(n) ____ in serum osmolality with fluid deficit |
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Definition
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Term
an example of an isotonic solution would be 1.___
an example of a hypotonic solution would be anything under 2.__
an example of a hypertonic solution would be anything over 3.__ |
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Definition
| normal saline, 0.45% normal saline, 0.9% normal saline |
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Term
1. increases with dehydration, decreases with fluid overload
2. normal range __-__ |
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Definition
specific urine gravity
1.010-1.025 |
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Term
| if sodium and water are retained in equal excess it is called 1.__AKA 2.__ |
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Definition
| isotonic excess 2.circulatory overload |
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Term
Fluid volume intake
1. ___ congestion
2._____ congestion
3. ___ and ___ will decrease |
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Definition
1. pulmonary
2. systemic
3. hgb and hct |
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Term
fluid volume excess is related to
1.2.3. |
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Definition
• excess sodium intake
• excessive fluid intake
• drug therapies |
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Term
Fluid Volume Excess
1. ____ enlargement
2. increase in a.___ b.___
3.____(crackles in the lungs)
4. ___, ___, flushed skin |
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Definition
1. liver enlargement
2. blood pressure, venous pressure
3. pulmonary edema
4. warm, moist |
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Term
rehydration
assess a patients
1.2.3. |
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Definition
| ability to swallow, retractible vomiting, mental status |
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Term
| the most common diuretic used, not potassium sparing tho...shits whack cuz it wastes potassium |
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Definition
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Term
| when you pull skin and it stays up |
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Definition
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Term
fluid volume deficit
1. decreased _____
2. increased a.b.c.
3. a symptom is ___
ALWAYS ASSUME IT IS 4.___ DEHYDRATION |
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Definition
1. decreased lacrimation
2. a.hematocrit b.blood pressure c.osmotic pressure
3. tenting
4. ISOTONIC |
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Term
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT
always assume it is 1.___ dehydration
if sodium is high, it is 2.___
if low, it is 3.____ |
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Definition
1. isotonic dehydration
2. hypertonic (hypernatremic)
3. hypotonic (hyponatremic) |
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Term
| hyponatremia causes ___ which ____ heart rate |
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Definition
| hypotension, increases heart rate |
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Term
| when you produce small amounts of urine it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| when you stand up, blood pressure drops, this is called |
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Definition
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Term
| for hyponatremia, the treatment is to use ____ for ____ |
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Definition
| 0.9% normal saline for NGT irrigations |
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Term
hypernatremia
a common cause 1.___
treatment:
2.
monitor
3.___ 4.___ |
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Definition
1.prolonged diarrhea
2. treat underlying cause
3. I and O
4. F and E |
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Term
• primary intracellular cation
• regulates metabolic activities
• nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cardiac rhythms |
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Definition
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Term
hypokalmia assessment: what to look for
1.2.
THE MAX amount of KCL (potassium chloride) you can administer is ____, if you go faster, patient will go into cardiac arrest |
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Definition
1. cardiac conduction 2. shallow respiration to apnea
3. 10mEq/hr |
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Term
hyperkalemia
common causes:1.2.3.
assessment (what to look for): 1.2.3.4.
HYPERKALEMIA CAN CAUSE 5.
treat with 6. and avoid 7. |
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Definition
1. renal failure 2. trauma 3. too much KCL in IV
1. cardiac conduction 2. elevated BUN 3. decreased b/p 4.parasthesias 5. VENTRICULAR FIBRILATION 6.kayexalate 7.salt substitutes |
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Term
CALCIUM normal range __-__
regulated by the __/__
used for __ and ___ |
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Definition
4.0-5.0 mEq/mL
thyroid, parathyroid
blood clotting and hormone secretion |
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Term
HYPOCALCEMIA
common causes: 1.2.3.4.5.
assessment: 1.2.3.4.5.6.
treatment 1.2. |
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Definition
rapid blood transfusion containing citrate, inadequate vitamin D intake, neoplastic, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism
2. tingling in fingers/ circumoral region, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s Sign, flexion spasms, pathological fractures
3. calcium gluconate IV or diet, seizure precautions |
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Term
hypercalcemia >5.5mEq
causes: 1.2.3.4.
assessment: 1.2.3.4.5.
treatment: |
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Definition
bone cancer, treating ulcers w large amounts of milk and antacids, prolonged bed rest, Paget's disease
1. fractures 2. weakness 3. decreased muscle tone 4. low back pain r/t renal colic 5.cardiac arrest
remove underlying cause |
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Term
1. Needed for enzyme activity, neurochemical activity, & muscular excitability
2. high/low levels associated with _____
3. Regulated by ___ excretion and ____
4. normal level range: __-__ |
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Definition
1. magnesium
2. altered neuromuscular activity
3. renal excretion and parathyroid hormone
4. 1.8-2.7 |
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Term
hypomagnesia causes: 1.2.
assessment:1.2.
treatment: 1.2.3.
special consideration:
treat overdose with |
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Definition
1. excessive calcium in diet 2.alcoholism
assessment: chvecks/trosseau's sign, babinski reflex treatment: calcium gluconate, Iv MgSO4, treat renal failure
when using MgSO4, monitor every 5 mins
treat MgSO4 OD w calcium gluconate |
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Term
HYPERMAGNESIA
common cause: 1.
assessment: 1.2. 3. 4.
treatment: 1.2. |
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Definition
1.renal failure
1. decreased everything 2. loss of patellar reflex 3.BUN 4. urine output
1. IV calcium gluconate 2. dialysis |
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Term
Phosphorus
number:1._-_
this is inversely proportionate with 2. ____ |
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Definition
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