Term
| Palatoschisis and chelioschisis may be accompanied by which additonal complications? |
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Definition
| Arthrogryposis or scoliosis/kyphosis |
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Term
| What causes palatoschisis/cheiloschsis? |
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Definition
| Usually unknown, but teratogenic plants, drugs, or genetics may be culprits. |
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Term
| Which animals may be predisposed to brachygnatha superior? |
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Definition
| Jersey cattle, pigs, and dogs- present in certain breeds, esp. brachycephaic breeds like pugs and boxers. |
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Term
| Which animals are predisposed to brachygnatha inferior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a dentigerous cyst? |
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Definition
| Epitehelial lined cystic structures in the bone or soft tissue resulting from an abnormality in tooth development. |
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Term
| Why does enamel hypoplasia only occur in young animals? |
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Definition
| The condition is one that affects the ameloblasts, which are only active during enamel development. |
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Term
| What tooth condtion will bovine viral diarrhea, canine distemper, and fluorine toxicity cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect will tetracycline antibiotics have on the teeth of young animals, and why? |
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Definition
| Causes a yellow discoloration because it is chelated by calcium and incorporated into the enamel. |
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Term
| What are odontodystrophies? |
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Definition
| Diseases of the teeth caused by nutritional, metabolic, and toxic insults that affect the dentine, enamel, and supporting structures. |
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Term
| What are causes of odontodystrophies? |
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Definition
| Fluorine toxicity, calcium deficiency, combined phosphorous and vitamin D deficiency, copper deficiency, severe malnutrition |
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Term
| What are the consequences of odontodystrophy? |
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Definition
| malocclusion/accelerated wear of teeth |
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Term
| What is plaque and how does it differ from tartar/calculus? |
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Definition
| It's a mix of bacteria, food, and tissue cells stuck to the tooth surface, and unlike tartar, it's not mineralized |
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Term
| What are important consequences of tartar/plaque in carnivores? |
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Definition
| gingivitis and periodontitis |
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Term
| How do dental caries form, and which animals do they most often form in? |
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Definition
| Horses and sheep; decalcification by lactic acid/other acid produced by bacterial fermentation and enzymatic degredation of the organic matrix. |
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Term
| Describe a diptheric inflammation |
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Definition
| Characterized by a pseudomembrane of fibrin/necrotic tissue |
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Term
| Eosinophilic granuloma/ulcer |
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Definition
| Chronic ulcerative lesion of the mucocutaneous junctions of the lips, oral mucosak and skin of cats, on the upper lip, tongue, palate, gums, or paws; believed to be immune- mediated pathogenesis. Dominated by macrophages and eosinophils. |
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Term
| Feline Plasma cell pharyngitis/gingivitis |
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Definition
| raised, red, proliferative lesions in the back of the throat comprising a plasma-cell reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep and purulent case of periodontitis. |
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Term
| What can cause periodontitis? |
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Definition
Trauma
Tartar accumulation
Extension of a pulpitis |
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Term
| What are the aetiologies of feline ulcerative stomatitis? |
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Definition
| Spirochetes, FIV, FeLV, calicivirus |
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Term
| 2 causes of oral erosions/ulcers |
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Definition
uremia
secondary to vesicular disease |
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Term
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Definition
| A benign tumor-like gingival mass found around the molar/premolar teeth of dogs and cats. Lesions may have a developmental, hyperplastic, inflammatory, or neoplastic origin, and masses are made up of odontogenic tissue/fibrous tissue and epithelium |
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Term
| Which serotype of foot and mouth disease is most prevalent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the steps in forming ulcers and erosions in foot and mouth disease |
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Definition
| Viremia, then vesicles form in the mouth, interdigital cleft, coronet, teats, and vulva- they coalesce, forming large blisters which burst to leave erosions and ulcers |
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Term
| Where is vesicular stomatis endemic? |
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Definition
| Central and South America |
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Term
| What are the importances of vesicular exanthema of swine virus, swine vesicular disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus? |
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Definition
| They resemble foot and mouth disease |
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Term
| Where is foot and mouth disease found? |
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Definition
| Europe, Africa, Asia, South America |
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Term
in foot and mouth, which animals are the:
a) amplifier hosts
b) indicator hosts
c) maintenance hosts |
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Definition
a) pigs
b) cattle
c) sheep |
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Term
| What does feline calicivirus cause in cats? |
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Definition
| Oral vesicles, which lead to ulcers |
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Term
| What characterizes a BVD infection in cattle? |
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Definition
After maternal immunity wanes at 6-12 mos of age; blunting of conical papillae inside lips, erosions in oral cavity and mucosa of the distal esophagus
Erosions form as the virus causes necrosis of cells in the middle and deeper layers of the stratified squamous epithelium- virus spreads and necrotic cells desquamate to leave an erosion, and the basement membrane can erode to give an ulcer
Ulcers can perforate
Necrosis of surface epithelium and Peyer's patches of intestine cause enteritis and diarrhea |
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Term
| A serological test for BVDV in a persistently infected animal would show: |
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Definition
Antibody negative
Antigen positive |
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Term
| What causes mucosal disease? |
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Definition
| Superinfection or mutation of cytopathic BVD in an animal persistently infected with a non-cytopathic strain. |
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Term
| how does mucosal disease differ from BVD? |
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Definition
| The gastrointestinal lesions are more severe, and there are exudative skin lesions around the perineum, base of horns, interdigital skin, and heels of the feet |
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Term
| When during gestation will BVDV infection of the cow induce abortion/embryonic loss? Persistent infection of the calf? |
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Definition
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Term
| What developmental abnormalities in calves are caused by BVDV? |
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Definition
| cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly, alopecia, retinal pathology, cataracts, micropthalmia, brachygnathism |
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Term
| What tests would you use to diagnose BVD/mucosal disease? |
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Definition
Clinical signs
Virus detection via isolation or antigen ELISA
Antibody detection antibody ELISA, virus neutralization, immunofluorescence
Nucleic acid detection-PCR
IDEXX snap test on serum or ear notch
Necropsy |
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Term
| Describe the lesions involved with malignant catarrhal fever |
|
Definition
- Lymphoid hyperplasia, edema, congestion- LNs enlarged
- Acute catarrhal to ulcerative inflammation of the oral cavity, nose, esophagus, abomassum, and upper respiratory tract
- Acute enteritis, typlitis, and colitis- profuse diarrhea
- Exudative inflammation of perineum, base of horns, flank, interditigal cleft
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- White-spotted kidney
- Splenomegaly
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Term
| What is the underlying cause of the lesions in malignant catarrhal fever? |
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Definition
| Necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis of medium sized vessels (brain, kidney, GIT) caused by type 4 hypersensitivity reaction, causing infarction and inflammation of the tissue beneath the basement membrane |
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Term
| What is the pathognomonic lesion of MCF? |
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Definition
| widespread necrotizing vasculitis of small arteries or veins with infiltration of the necrotic vessel walls by lymphoid cells and monocytes |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis leading to the clinical presentation of bluetongue |
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Definition
| Virus affects the endothelium of small blood vessels, causing microthrombi which leads to ischemic necrosis with ulceration of mouth cavity, edema, and hemorrhages |
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Term
| Why is the tongue blue in blue tongue? |
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Definition
| Cyanosis caused by lack of oxygen because the lungs are too edematous for effective gas exchange. |
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Term
| How does torticollis develop in bluetongue? |
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Definition
| Ischemic necrosis of the neck muscles, with subsequent healing by fibrosis- neck pulled tightly to the side |
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Term
| Where is bluetongue a problem? |
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Definition
| Africa, Middle East, Europe, USA, Asia |
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Term
| Bovine Papular Stomatitis |
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Definition
| Affects suckling calves in the nasolabium, oral cavity, and esophagus, caused by a parapoxvirus related to pseudocowpox, which affects the cow's teats; infected cells proliferate and form papules, which erode to form ulcers surrounded by a zone of hyperemia |
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|
Term
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Definition
| Caused by a parapoxvirus- proliferative, scabby lesions on the lips and face, with occassional extension to ulcerative lesions in the mouth in sheep and goats |
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Term
| What causes oral necrobacillosis (necrotic stomatitis/calf diptheria)? |
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Definition
| Fusobacterium necrophorum secondary to previous mucosal damage |
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Term
| What are predisposing factors to calf diptheria? |
|
Definition
| Trauma, infections bovine rhinotracheitis, BVD, or papular stomatitis |
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|
Term
| Describe the gross lesions of calf diptheria |
|
Definition
Large, yellow-grey areas of coagulative necrosis surrounded by a zone of hyperemia
Caudal pharynx/larynx covered by a pseudomembrane |
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|
Term
| What causes woody tongue (actinobacillosis)? |
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Definition
| Actinobacillus lignieresi- gram negative and part of normal flora; trauma to mouth allows entry- sets up a pyogranulomatous inflammation with "club-colonies"- immune complexes surrounding the bacteria |
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|
Term
| Describe the lesions associated with actinobacillosis |
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Definition
| Lesions are firm because of fibrosis around inflammatory foci with lymphangitis and redional lymphadenitis- tongue is stiffened by fibrosis |
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Term
| What causes lumpy jaw? Describe the lesions |
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Definition
| Actinomycetes bovis, a gram positive organism that causes a pyogranulomatous mandibular and maxillary osteomyelitis in cattle- disease produces lesions similar to those of actinobacillosis, incl. sulphur granules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A superficial inflammation of the oral and esophageal stratified squamous epithelium associated with Candida albicans. |
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Term
| What is a likely prerequisite to a thrush infection? |
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Definition
| Buildup of excess epithelial debris on stratified epithelial surface due to lack of attrition; prolonged antibiotics- alter microflora in favor of fungi |
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|
Term
| What do the lesions in thrush consist of? |
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Definition
| a whitish pseudomembrane on affected areas made of excessive, partly keratinized epithelium and exudate |
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|
Term
| What causes hyperkeratinization of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin A deficiency/highly chlorinated napthalene poisoning |
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|
Term
| What are causes of esophageal stenosis? |
|
Definition
Scar tissue
External pressure (as from a tumor or enlarged lymphnodes)
Developmental- persistent right 4th aortic arch
Diaphragmatic hernia
Spirocerca lupi infection |
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