Term
| At what muscle length is optimal interaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does stretching of the sarcomere to beyond 2.3μm do to the myocyte? |
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Definition
| It leads to irreversible damage |
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Term
| What effect does stretching of the sarcomere have on force keeping concentration of Ca2+ constant. |
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Definition
| Stretching the sarcomere will increase force at similar concentrations of Calcium. |
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Term
What is the geometric shape of the left ventricle? The right ventricle? |
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Definition
Left ventricle is a cylinder that compresses its contents from all sides. Right ventricle is more of a pocket that rests on the interventricular septum. |
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Term
1. Which ventricle contracts with apex shortening? 2. Which contracts with outerwall contraction against the inner wall with little muscular fiber shortening? 3. Which ventricle is better suited for total ejection of contents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the peak pressure caused by the right and left ventricles respectively? |
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Definition
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Term
1. What is the location of the mitral valve? 2. Tricuspid? 3. Aortic? 4. Pulmonic? |
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Definition
1. Between the left atrium and ventricle 2. Between the right atrium and ventricle 3. Between the left ventricle and aorta 4. Between the right ventricle and Pulmonary Artery |
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Term
How are the valves tethered to the cardiac wall? How do they work? |
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Definition
| Chorda tendineae and papillary muscles. Work in relation to interventricular pressure to prevent backflow of blood from ventricle to atria and to prevent rupture of valves into atria. |
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of the lack of valves in vena cava and pulmonary veins. |
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Definition
| Atria contraction can lead to retrograde blood flow back into the supply vessels depending on pressure gradient. |
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Term
| What is the time length of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
What is systole? What is diastole? |
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Definition
Systole - period of the cardiac cycle comprising of contraction/ejection Diastole - filling period segment |
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Term
| What is isovolumetric contraction? |
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Definition
| When pressure is generated in the ventricles after filling without blood flow through the aortic valve. Portion of cardiac cycle when both mitral and aortic valves are closed. |
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Term
| What happens to aortic pressure during diastole? |
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Definition
| It falls since no blood is entering into the aorta due to the closed aortic valves. |
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Term
| What is diastolic runoff? |
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Definition
| Diastolic runoff is blood moving from artery to vein down the pressure gradient. |
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Term
| True or False: There is a period in the cardiac cycle when both valves are closed. |
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Definition
| True. This occurs when the intraventricular pressure is high enough to close the mitral valve, but not high enough to produce an ejection through the aortic valve. This is called isovolumetric contraction. |
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Term
| What is the first heart sound? |
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Definition
| The first heart sound is vibration of the ventricular wall and acceleration of the blood during early systole. |
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Term
| True or False: Aortic pressure is always lower than left ventricular pressure. |
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Definition
| False. There is a portion immediately following systole where aortic pressure is slightly higher than ventricular pressure yet due to momentum of blood movement, the aortic valve maintains open. |
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Term
| What is the second heart sound? |
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Definition
| The second heart sound occurs when blood in the aorta recoils against the closed valve and vibrates the column of blood in the aorta. |
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Term
| What is isovolumetric relaxation? |
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Definition
| This is a period where both valves of the ventricle are closed and the ventricle is undergoing relaxation. |
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Term
| What is the 3rd heart sound? |
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Definition
| Occurs during the movement of blood from the atria to ventricle during initial filling of diastole |
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Term
| What is the 4th heart sound? |
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Definition
| When the atria contracts after P wave depolarization which leads to forceful ejection of blood from atria into ventricle. |
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Term
| What happens to atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction? |
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Definition
| Atrial pressure increases slightly during isovolumetric contraction designated by the c wave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents that increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline in atrial pressure as a result of ventricular contraction. The nadir of the x descent corresponds with the peak ejection of blood from the ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in atrial pressure as they fill with blood during ventricular systole. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the atrioventricular valve opens, blood moves rapidly from atrium to ventricle and the atrial pressure falls. This decrease in atrial pressure as the ventricles fill during diastole is the y descent. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a representation of cardiac muscle function during the cardiac cycle. |
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