Term
| What are the 2 portions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
Air-Conducting Portion Respiratory Portion |
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Term
| What is the "Air-Conducting" portion of the Respiratory System? |
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Definition
1. Consists of the nasal cavities, associated paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 2. Passageway for inhaled and exhaled air |
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Term
| What is the "Respiratory" portion of the Respiratory system? |
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Definition
1. Composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. 2. Primary function is gas exchange between blood and air. 3. Pulmonary lobule consists of the terminal bronchioles and that portion of he lung which they supply |
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Term
| The mechanism of ventilation consists of what four essential elements? |
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Definition
1. Thoracic skeleton 2. Intercostal Muscles 3. Diaphragm 4. Elastic Connective Tissue within the Lung |
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Term
| What is the function of the Nasal Cavity? |
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Definition
Provide extensive surface area for warming air and filtrate of particulate matter.
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Term
| What is the structure of the Nasal Cavity? |
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Definition
1. Mucosa present in the roof of nasal cavities and on portion of superior concha.
2. Septum separates the two nasal cavities consisting of vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions. |
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Term
| What type of epithelium does the vestibule comprise of? |
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Definition
External - General Body Skin (Keratinized Statified Squamous Epithelium)
Internal - Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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Term
| What type of epithelium does the respiratory region comprise of? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells |
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Term
| The lamina propria of the respiratory region contains what? |
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Definition
| Superficial Venous Plexus |
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Term
| Paranasal sinuses are lined by what type of epithelium? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with FEWER goblet cells |
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Term
| The nasopharynx is located (posterior/anterior) to the nasal cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the nasopharynx become the oropharynx? |
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Definition
| At the level of the soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| Abundant mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) located deep to the nasopharynx epithelium |
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Term
| What are present in the posterior aspect of the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| The olfactory epithelium contains what four types of cells? |
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Definition
1. Basal Cells
2. Differentiating (Immature) Olfactory Neurons
3. Mature Olfactory Neurons
4. Sustentacular (Supporting) Cells |
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Term
| What are characterstics of basal cells? |
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Definition
| Mitotically active and produce immature olfactory neurons |
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Term
| What are characterstics of immature olfactory neurons? |
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Definition
| Arise from basal cells, proliferate during adult life, differentiate into mature olfactory neurons, life span of 30-60 days |
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Term
| What are characterstics of mature olfactory neurons? |
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Definition
| Highly polarized, apical region directed towards the mucosal lining and possess 10-20 modified cilia, axons forms at the basal region and pass through the cribiform plate to synapse on the cells of the olfactory bulbs |
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Term
| Where are the olfactory glands located and what do they do? |
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Definition
Deep to the epithelium
Secrete serous fluid containing odorant-binding protein, lysozyme, and IGA |
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Term
| What does Odorant Binding Protein (OBP) do? |
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Definition
| Carries odorants to receptors on the modified cilia |
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Term
| What is the function of the Larynx? |
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Definition
| Functions to protect the airway and aids in vocalization |
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Term
| What type of epithelium covers the epiglottis and vocal cords? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium covers the proper portion of the larynx? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells |
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Term
| What is contained in the lamina propia of the larynx (except for the true vocal cords)? |
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Definition
| Seromucous glands and Mast cells - participate in hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Term
| What does the submucosa of trachea and bronchi contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 cell types of the Respiratory Tree? |
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Definition
1. Ciliated Columnar Cells
2. Basal Cells - stem cell population giving rise to other cell types
3. Intermediate Cells - stem cells in the process of differentiation
4. Goblet Cells - most numerous in mainstem and lobar bronchi
5. Neuroendocrine Cells - located on basement membrane, clear cytoplasm and dark nuclei, |
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Term
| What are the elements of the submucosa of the bronchial tree? |
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Definition
Smooth Muscle
Seromucous Glands
Collagen
Elastic Fibers
MALT |
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Term
| What is the order of the Intrapulmonary Segmentation? |
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Definition
| Bronchi -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveolar Sacs -> Alveoli |
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Term
| What is the smallest portion of the conducting airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchioles lack __________ but have an increased amount of ________ fibers and ________ muscle cells. |
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Definition
| Cartilage plates, elastic, smooth |
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Term
| What is a pulmonary lobule? |
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Definition
| A terminal bronchiole and the region of the lung that it supplies |
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Term
| What type of epithelia do bronchioles comprise of? |
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Definition
| Ciliated columnar epithelium which may become cuboidal without pseudostratification; occasional goblet cells and some neuroendocrine cells; absense of seromucous glands |
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Term
| What are Clara Cells and where are they located? |
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Definition
Non-ciliated cells that do not produce mucus.
Located mostly in the terminal bronchioles. |
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Term
| T/F: Respiratory bronchioles participate in gas exchange. |
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Definition
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Term
1. What are the primary sites for gas exchange?
2. How many of these site are there in the lungs? |
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Definition
1. Alveoli
2. 150-400 million per lung, 300-800 total |
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Term
| What provides direct communication between alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Type I Pneumocytes? |
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Definition
1. Represent approximately 40% of alveolar cell population
2. Form 90% of the alveolar surface lining |
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Term
| What are Type II Pneumocytes? |
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Definition
1. Represent 60% of cell population
2. Account for 5-10% of alveolar surface area |
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Term
| Where are alveolar macrophages located and what is their role? |
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Definition
Located in the alveolar wall or in the free alveolar space.
Patrol alveolar air spaces to phagocytose debris and act as an important defense mechanism against inhaled bacteria. |
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