Term
| Which type of diabetes is 'Absolute insulin deficiency?' |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal blood glucose level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What, according to the NDDG criterion constitutes diabetes in a fasting blood glucose level? |
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Definition
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Term
| IFG - a blood glucose measure |
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Definition
| Impaired Fasting Glucose level - 6.1-6.9mmol/L - a warning sign for Type 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired glucose tolerance: 7.8 - 11 mmol/L - a warning sign for Type 2 |
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Term
| Name 3 tests for detecting Diabetes? |
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Definition
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, Fasting Plasma Level, Historic Assessment |
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Term
| Name 4 tests for monitoring Diabetes? |
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Definition
| Urinary Glucose Test, Finger Stick, Tear Glucose Test, Glycosylated HbA1c levels |
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Term
| What percentage of HbA1c is unacceptable? |
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Definition
| 8% (10.0 mmol/L blood glucose level) |
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Term
| What is lipohypertrophy - why is this an issue with insulin injection? |
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Definition
| Fat under the skin slows absorption of insuln |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat wasting away - unsightly |
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Term
| Which sights of injection have fast absorption of insulin? Slow absorption? |
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Definition
Fast: Abdomen, upper arm
Slow: Thigh, Pigu! (butt) |
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Term
| What treatments do we give to px with Type 1 diabetes? |
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Definition
| Insulin therapy, Immunosuppressants, Beta Cell Transplant (possibly) |
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Term
| What treatment do we give to px with Type 2 diabetes? |
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Definition
| Hypoglycemic agents (to decrease glucose output, increase insulin release, slow glucose digestion, and increase insulin absorption sensitivity in muscles and adipose. |
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Term
| What symptoms might you face if experiencing insulin shock with a blood glucose level of <1.0 mmol/L? Tx? |
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Definition
Coma. (no more siezures or acetone breath)
Tx: IV glucose, glucagon |
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Term
| What symptoms might you face if experiencing insulin shock with a blood glucose level of 1.0 - 2.5 mmol/L? Tx? |
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Definition
Siezure, Unconscious
Tx: Juice, cracker, fruit |
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Term
| What symptoms might you face if experiencing insulin shock with a blood glucose level of 2.5 - 4.0 mmol/L? Tx? |
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Definition
CNS excitability, hallucinations, irritable, nervous, trembling, tachycardia, pale, sweating
Tx: Juice, cracker, fruit |
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Term
| What are 4 systemic effects of DM? |
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Definition
| Hypertension, increased serum cholesterol (gall stones and atherosclerosis), Arteriosclerosis (neuropathy and retinopathy), Peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
| What ocular findings fluctuate in px with DM? |
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Definition
| Refractive error, IOP, accomodation |
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Term
| What eye structures face morphological changes with DM? |
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Definition
EOMs, iris, cornea, conj,
LENS (20% blindness), RETINA (80% blindness) |
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Term
| What are 3 changes to the lens that may occur with DM? |
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Definition
| Snowflake cataract, yellowing, Watervacuoules/clefts |
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Term
| What causes Water Vacuoles and Water Clefts in the lens in DM? |
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Definition
| Glucose goes in the lens, turns to sorbitol and fructose. Then water follows and can pull apart lens fibres and rupture them |
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Term
| What defines Advanced NPDR? |
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Definition
| Hemorrhages+ micro-aneurysms in all 4 quadrants, venous bleeding in 2 or more quadrants, IRMA in at least one quadrant |
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Term
| IRMA (an occular finding in NPDR) |
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Definition
| Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalitis |
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Term
| What are people with PDR at risk for (ocularly) compared to people with NPDR? |
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Definition
| Retinal detachment, Vitreal detachment, Hemmorrhages (vitreal, preretinal) |
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Term
| At what stage does Diabetic Maculopathy Occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of Diabetic Macular Edema? |
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Definition
| Focal, Diffuse, and CSME (clinically significant Mac edema) |
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Term
| Pan Retinal Photocoagulation |
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Definition
| Laser parts of retina to decrease O2 demand on body. Trade off - peripheral site to save some central vision. |
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