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| The evolutionary history of a group of organisms, usually depicted in a tree-like diagram |
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| The classification of living and fossil organisms into a hierarchical series of groups that reflects the phylogenetics and evolutionary relationships of the groups |
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| The theory and practice of naming organisms. Nearly synonymous with systematics. |
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| Putting organisms into groups OR the listed hierarchy of a given organism |
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| The named group of organisms; may be any hierarchical level |
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| A character trait expressed in two taxa that have descended from a common ancestor (w/ or w/o modification) |
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| A similar trait expressed in two taxa who do NOT share a common ancestor; result of convergent or parallel evolution |
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| All members of the group are descended from a common ancestor |
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| All members share a common ancestor, but some of the descendants of that ancestor are missing from the group |
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| The members have more than one ancestor |
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| Feature of an organism that forms the basis for comparison |
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| Any of the forms a character may take |
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| Synonymous with character (feature of an organism that forms the basis for comparison) |
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| (Numerical taxonomy) A method of phylogenetic analysis based on similarities between organisms without consideration of the evolutionary origins of those similarities |
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| A branching tree that results from a phenetic analysis |
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| (Phylogenetic systematics) Systematic method that groups organisms based on common ancestry |
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| Create classifications that reflect the phylogeny of a group and for all groupings to be monophyletic |
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| A branching tree that results from a cladistic analysis |
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| A character state that is not present in the ancestral stock, but derived from it (Derived character state) |
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| Subcategory of apomorphy - A character state possessed by only one of the taxa under consideration (NOT useful for phylogenetic resolution) |
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| Apomorphy subcategory - A shared derived character state possessed by at least two of the organisms under consideration (Basis for phylogenetic comparison) |
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| Ancestral character state |
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| An ancestral state shared by two or more taxa |
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