Term
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Definition
Cavalier-Smith 1983
Organelles evoled with in the cell by progressive compartmentalization. An endomembrane system evolved inward folds of the plasma membran of a prokaryotic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Lynn Margulis 1960s
Similarities between prokaryotes and organelles, together with their appearance in the fossil record, could best be explained by "endo-symbiosis" |
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Term
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Definition
Martin and Muller 1998
The symbiosis began as a result of the products of anaerobic metabolism. The first eukaryotic cell was the result of a purposeful union between an archaebacterial host cell, methanogen that consumer H2 and CO2 to produce methane. |
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Term
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Definition
Lopez-Garcia and Moreira 1998
Symbiosis between a methanogenic archaebacterium and 2 proteobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship between 2 living organsims where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
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Term
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Definition
| One animal attaches to another organism for transportation onlly |
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Term
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Definition
| A second organism is used for housing |
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Term
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Definition
| The second organism uses something the first created, however after the death of the fist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite lives on and feeds off its host, usually decreasing the host's ability to survive but not killing it outright |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that lives inside the body of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| a parasite that lives on the outside of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that feeds on another parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that uses another organism's tissue for its own benefit until the host dies form loss of needed tissues or nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed in such a relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle the parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| A host in which the parasite become sexually mature |
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Term
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Definition
| A host that offers a temporary environment for the parasite, but is nonetheless necessary for the parasite to complete its life cycle. Parasites do not reach sexual maturity in an intermediate host; however, they often can undergo asexual reproduction in this type of host |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a host in which the parasite does not undergo development and is not necessary for the cycle of the parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| any organism that serves as intermediate hosts as well as carrier for protozoans and other small parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to human |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the parasite to use only one host species for every stage of its life cycle. This is the case of extremely strict specificity of parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the parasite to use more than one host species for some or all stages of its life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| followed by uptake of eggs/larvae by feeding, inhalation, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| (by eggs/larvae/parent), followed by penetration of the host and possible migration within the host |
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Term
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Definition
| The interaction between 2 or more species, where both species increase their fitness as a result of the exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms by which the relative biomass of the partners in association are controlled |
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Term
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Definition
| Mereschkovsky 1920 new species arise as a result of symbiotic interactions between different groups of organsims |
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Term
| The hologenome theory of evolution |
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Definition
| the object of natural selection is not the individual organsim, but the organism together with its associated microbial communities |
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Term
Eukaryotic Cell
Size, nucleus, membrane enclosed organelles, flagella, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosome arrangement, sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Size: 10-100 micro m
nucleus: true nucleus
Membrane-enclosed organelles:Present
Flagella: complex, consists of multiple microtubules
Cell wall: when present simple
cytoplasm: Present cytoskeleton
Chromosome arrangent: multiple linear chromosomes w/ histones
Sexual reproduction: involves meiosis
Ribosomes: larger |
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Term
Prokaryotes
Size, nucleus, membrane enclosed organelles, flagella, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosome arrangement, sexual reproduction
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Definition
size: .2-2micro meters
Nucleus: none
Membrane enclosed organelles: absent
Flagella: simple, consist of 2 protien building blocks
Cell Wall: usually present, chemically complex
Cytoplasm: no cytoskeleton
Ribosomes: small
Chromosome arrangement: single circular chromosome, no histones
Sexual reproduction: no meiosis, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the genetic composition of one species in response to genetic change in another |
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Term
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Definition
| a sub-microscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism |
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Term
What are the hypotheses of virus origin?
What types of viruses support each hypothesis? |
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Definition
Small viruses: could have been derived from transferable genetic elements such as plasmids or transposons
Large viruses: may have once been small cells which parasitzed larger host cells |
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Term
| Baltimore classification: what is it based on? how many virus groups define it? |
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Definition
the variety of genomic structures seen in viruses is what it is based on. There are 7 groups.
1. dsDNA
2. ssDNA
3. dsRNA
4. +ssRNA
5.-ssRNA
6. ssRNA-RT
7. dsRNA-RT viruses |
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Term
Virus Morphology
(know names of parts that form a virus) |
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Definition
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Term
| Steps of viral replication |
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Definition
| use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves |
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Term
| what are barriers to viral infection? |
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Definition
A. Inherent Barriers
1.Skin
2.Lack of Membrane Receptors
3.Mucus
4.Ciliated epithelium
5.Low pH
6.Humoral and cellular components
B. Induced Barriers in response to infection can also help diminish virus infectivity.
1.Fever : reduced replication at above 37C.
2.Low pH: low pH of inflammatory infiltrates is also limit viral infections by inactivating viruses.
3.Humoral and cellular components |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
A prophage is a phage genome inserted
as part of the linear structure of the DNA chromosome of a bacterium |
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Term
| What type of symbiosis exists between viruses and cyanobacteria(algae)? does this association have any benefit for other organsims? |
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Definition
Inhibit growth of cyanobacteria.
◦Control of cyanobacteria
Populations
◦Use for control of
cyanobacteria (in relation to
water pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| Braconid wasps have this virus embedded in genome. Infects caterpillar with virus when injecting eggs. The virus disables the caterpillars immune system. larvae eat through dying caterpillar when mature. |
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Term
| What are some common viral families that are known to in insects? What pathological effects do they cause? |
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Definition
| NPV is a family of virus common to insects. |
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Term
| - What are some applications of viral diseases for agriculture/the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the typical features of fungal viruses? |
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Definition
Fungal viruses may be related to other dsRNA viruses (Family: Reoviridae).Fungal viruses can modulate plant-fungal symbioses.
Their lack of an extracellular phase is what makes them so unique.
They exist only within the host and are transmitted within the host.
They are found in the cytoplasm of fungi.
For this reason are considered to be non-infectious and can be described as latent and persistent. |
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Term
| - Know the mycovirus life cycle and modes of transmission |
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Definition
Growth in filamentous fungi proceeds through apical or tip elongation of' hyphae, where the viruses present in fungi are generally latent.
Viruses can be transmitted in 3 ways:
during fungal cell division
Horizontal transmission
Vertical transmission |
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Term
| - What are the theories for fungal-viral associations |
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Definition
1) Multiple supergroups of polyphyletic origin theory:
This theory is based on:
Comparison of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, showed dissimilarity in primary sequence and size must have had more than one point of origin.
2) Horizontal transfer theory:
Viruses evolved mostly through horizontal transfer although there could have been vertical transfer.
This theory is based on:
Vegetative compatibility-vegetative compatibility group (VCG)
similar or identical multilocus haplotypes belong to the same clonal lineage.
VCGsgood predictors of genetic similarity, clonal lineage, or both. |
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Term
| Fungi-plant symbiosis? How many types of interactions exist? |
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Definition
| mutualistic and parasitic |
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Term
| How does a plant show signs of viral infection? How would you be able to recognize it? |
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Definition
| Growth retardation, distortion, mosaic patterning on the leaves, yellowing, wilting, etc |
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Term
| What is the role of retroviruses in humans? |
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Definition
In our DNA, there’s a fossil record of retroviruses that used to infect us
About 8% of human DNA is made up of retroviral sequences |
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Term
| - What are the key features of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
Most simple primitive organisms on
Earth
— Support life by recycling C, N, S
— Adapted to almost every habitat
— Free-living, or associated to other
organisms in all symbiotic interactions known.
— Classification:
¡ Archaea—methanogens, thermophiles,
acidophiles
¡ Eubacteria |
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Term
| bacteria parasitic of other bacteria—know biology and life cycle. |
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Definition
Parasitic bacteria infect and kill Gramnegative
bacteria,Its life cycle has two
major stages:
1. a free-swimming
stage spent
searching for prey in
water or soil (the
"attack phase")
2. a growth stage spent
inside the periplasm
of the prey
bacterium |
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Term
| - Protozoa and bacteria symbiosis—What type of symbiotic interactions do they have? |
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Definition
| parasitic and mutualistic |
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Term
| Know the interactions between protozoan-bacteria-termite symbiosis. |
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Definition
| mutualistic. bacteria in protozoan inside termites digest the cellose of wood for termites |
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Term
| - Vibrio-squid symbiosis--- what does each partner do to each other? What type of symbiotic interaction is this? |
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Definition
| the bacteria helps the squid glow at night so it can camoflague with the glow of the moon and stars at night. mutualistic |
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Term
| Why do some marine invertebrates (i.e., mollusks) need bacteria as endosymbionts. |
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Definition
| they rely on chemoautotrophic bacteria for nutrition |
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Term
| - What types of symbiotic relationships exist between insects and bacteria? |
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Definition
| mutualistic and parasitic |
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Term
| - What are 2 categories of insect bacteria? Describe them based on the location and level of dependency by the insect host. |
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Definition
primary symbionts: Vertically transmitted
÷ In specialized insect cells à bateriocytes
÷ Obligate associations
secondary symbionts:horizontally transferred between hosts
÷ Live in the haemolymph of the insects (not in specialized
÷ bacteriocytes)
÷ Association is facultative (not necessarily obligate |
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Term
| - Know examples of commensalistic/mutualistic and pathogenic/parasitic symbiosis between vertebrates and bacteria. |
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Definition
mutualistic: ruminal bacteria
parasitic: plague,cholera |
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Term
| - What type of symbiotic interactions do bacteria have with fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| - What is the benefit of the interactions between AM fungi and bacteria? |
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Definition
| AM fungi help plants capture nutrients such as phosphorus and micronutrients from the soil |
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Term
| How do the fungi acquire or interact with bacteria? |
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Definition
| through vertical transmission and maybe horizontal by soil. AM fungi and bacteria interact at different levels of cellular integration, ranging from apparently loose association through surface attachment to intimate and obligatory endosymbiosis. |
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Term
| Define rhizobial bacteria? What are they and what do they do? |
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Definition
nitrogen fixing bacteria.With the help of symbiotic rhizobia in their root nodules, most legumes can grow in poor soils without
addition of nitrogen-containing
fertilizers. |
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Term
| - Do you know of another symbiosis similar to the rhizobia and legumes interaction? |
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Definition
| In the oceans N fixation is done mainly by cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| Key features fungi have. Differences/similarities they have with plants and animals |
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Definition
difference: non vascular, and store food as glycogen instead of starch, heterotrophic
similarity:non motile |
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Term
| Mycosymbionts: types and examples |
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Definition
Fungi that are symbionts of fungi.
1. Necrotrophic Mycosymbionts-Live on dead organic matter attack a wide range of fungi.Tuberculina hyphae cells invades the host cell wall with a protruberance the rust fungus (host) does not produce spores or propagats
2. Biotrophic Mycosymbionts.=Cause arrested growth on their hosts but do not kill them |
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Term
| Fungi-algae symbiosis—organisms involved in the association. What does each organism do for each other? |
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Definition
| mutualistic. lychens. fungus keeps algae moist. algae give fungus energy |
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Term
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Definition
| crustose, foliose, fruicose, squamuolose |
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Term
| What are mycorhyzae? What are their hosts? Their role in plant health |
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Definition
mutualisitc fungi.Occur in practically all
terrestrial plants.
The fungi form a ‘Hartig Net’ an inward growth of hyphae (fungal cell growth form) which penetrate the plant root structure. |
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Term
| Pathogenic fungi what strategies do they have for their parasitic/pathogenic lifestyle |
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Definition
| Phytotoxin production,Hydrophobins and fungal infection,Floral mimicry by plant pathogens,Fungal castration of plants |
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Term
| Tripartite interactions that involve fungi---know examples |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi intrteactions with protists. Types that exist. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi and Nematodes—know different types of symbiotioc interactions and one example of each |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanisms fungi have to parasitize nematodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi-arthropod interactions: Steps of infection (know slide with the 7 steps of the infection process |
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Definition
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Term
| Beneficial symbiosis between fungi and insects |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the example of ant-fungi-bacteria symbiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of nematodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of symbioses with plants and insects. Know examples |
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Definition
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Term
| Descrinbe and know examples of ecto, semi-endo and endoparasites of plants. Know the differences between the three types |
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Definition
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Term
| Strategies of nematodes used in plant parasitism |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of nematode parasites of humans. Know who is the definite and intremediate (vector) hosts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of tripartite interaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Treamtodes: difference between tissue and blood flukes |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of plant symbiosis with other organisms. Examples, know what the symbiont host do for each other |
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Definition
commensalisms: orchid and bromelias
parasitic:misletoe |
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Term
| Characteristics of parasitic plants. Classification |
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Definition
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Term
| Carnivorous plants--- what are they? What type of symbiotic interactions they have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pant pollinators interactions… know examples |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common molecular approaches use? Know what they are for/applications |
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Definition
nothern: rna
Southern: dna
western: proteins
pcr: cut parts of geneitic material
gels: seperation of dna,rna, or protiens |
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