Unfair treatment of people in various categories

-involves concrete actions

A rigid or unfair generalization about an entire category of people

- typically not based on direct evidence

- usually negative

- turns into discrimination when people act on the basis of their beliefs

The automatic educational, social, and economic privileges that white people receive on account of their race

- Because of this, all white people benefit from racial inequality, even if they themselves are not overtly racist

Discriminatory practices that are built into the operation of our social institutions (schools, banks, hospitals, etc).

Examples:

- The G.I Bill

-Education

-Housing: "Redlining" and restrictive covenants

Federal Law that prohibits discrimination againist people with disabilities (employment, public accommodations, etc)

-covers anyone who has a physical or mental impairment that "significantly restricts" at least one major life activity (walking, hearing, seeing, performing manual tasks, etc)

-signed into law by G. Bush in 1990

A person's health and well-being reflects their individual behaviors and circumstances (Individual Behaviors)

1. lack of health care

2. mistrust of health care system

3. inequalities in care/treatment

4. stress and lack of social support

5. unhealthy behaviors

People make individual health choices within a particular context; their individual efforts can only go so far (Social Context)

1. Physical environment/Neighborhood context

-access to food

-recreational options

-unsafe housing

2. Toxic Exposure

-employment

-housing/residential

The over- or under-representation of players of different races at certain positions.

-Black players represent ~65% of all NFL players

-Statistically, 65% of quarterbacks should be Black

What are some of the patterns as to which races tend to be concentrated within which positions on the football field?

The RB, WR, and overall Defensive positions are concentrated to be black whereas QB and offensive lineman are mostly white

What do we learn from recent studies on discrimination in housing, employment, carbuying, and "driving while black" (by Massey, Pager, Lambert)?

White males were given more callbacks about jobs, lower initial and final prices on cars, and less likely to be pulled over by cops

Life-long process by which we learn our society's culture and develop our individual and social identities (race, class, gender, etc.)

Part of being male or female is shaped by our biology, to a great extent. We must learn this role through socialization.

How large is the "gender gap in pay"?

-Among all workers, women earn 55% of what men earn

-Among full-time workers, women earn 76% of what men earn

-Among workers that do the same work, women earn 83% of what men earn

How large is the "gender gap in pay"?

-Among all workers, women earn __% of what men earn

-Among full-time workers, women earn __% of what men earn

-Among workers that do the same work, women earn __% of what men earn

How/why will the gender gap in pay change in thenext couple of decades?

The gender gap will close; men will fall to the level of women

Why does the gender gap in pay exist? micro-level (individual) reasons? macro-level (structural) reasons?

Micro: College Majors and Occupational Segregation

Macro: Discrimination, Marriage, and Childrearing

About 40% of women (and men) would have to change jobs in order to achieve occupational integration

How are public schools funded in United States?

Through a combination of federal, local, and state taxes

Dr. Carrington has interesting theory about why there has never been a Black streaker at a major sporting event. What it is?

When a white person is getting chased by a police officer for streaking, it is humorous. However, a black person does not streak because of the "common understanding" that when a black person is getting chased by a police officer he/she has commited a crime.

Given this system of funding, what kinds of inequalities result?

Property Taxes vary, Level of School Funding vary

*people with better schools in better places get better funding*

What are cochlear implants? In what ways is this medical technology controversial within the deaf community?

surgically implanted electronic device

does not amplify sound, stimulates auditory nerves

some see it as a negative attitude towards deafness (it needs to be fixed)

*what is wrong with being deaf?*

What is genetic testing (like amniocentesis)? In what ways do these medical tests pose ethnical challenges within the "disabilities rights" community?

AFT and other prenatal tests can provide information about developing fetuses

the vast majority of people choose to terminate their pregnancies

greater intolerance for people with disabilities and less more for research

*Science is a double-edged sword*

What can we learn about prejudice in the US by looking at Bogardus's social distance scale? More specifically, how has prejudice changed over time?

Over time (from 1925 to 2001), people have generally accepted all races progressively more.

Among races in 2001, American are the most trusted (1.07) and Arabs are the least accepted (1.94)

(social distance scale: depicts the acceptance level of each race in the US from 1-family member to 7-bar from country)

What can we learn about prejudice in the US by looking at Bogardus's social distance scale? More specifically, how has prejudice changed over time?

Over time (from 1925 to 2001), people have generally accepted all races _________________.

Among races in 2001, American are the _____ trusted (______) and Arabs are the _______ accepted (____)

(social distance scale: ____________________________)

To what extent do Americans think that racism and racial tensions are still a problem in society? How do these opinions differ across racial lines?

*It depends on who you ask*

African Americans have less positive attitudes of relations

- in Jacksonville, blacks see prejudice as a problem

Blacks see it as more of a problem than Whites

Thinking about macro-level and micro-level distinctions, how is institutional racism different from discrimination?

Macro: ex- all white schools favors againist black students and vice versa.

Micro: based on individual funding; person cant be accepted into a school if she/he cant pay for it via aid, scholarships, etc; *ALUMNI*

the practice of favoring members of a historically disadvantaged group at the expense of members of a historically advantaged group.

ex: black people freed from slavery raising their kids to be discriminate againist white people because of the fact that they are white and they are bad.

power to discriminate againist another race with the means of action

ex: white shop owner refuses service to black customers

intentional verbal or physical abuse of another based on their race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation

Continuing to think about micro and macro levels, what are some of the "solutions" to the gender gap in pay?

40% women and men changing their jobs to accomodate occupational integration

From a statistical standpoint, how does the health and well-being of Americans compare to other similar countries? In what sense is it possible to claim that the US has the best health care system in the world?

The US ranks 37th in the world in health care systems

The US spends more on healthcare than any industrialized nation

- $7,500 per person annually

- 15% of GDP

From a statistical standpoint, how does the health and well-being of Americans compare to other similar countries? In what sense is it possible to claim that the US has the best health care system in the world?

The US ranks __th in the world in health care systems

The US spends more on healthcare than any industrialized nation

- $_______ per person annually

- ___% of GDP

One perspective is that health inequalities along race and social class lines are a result of individual (micro) factors. What are some of these factors? To what extent would fixing these factors result in better health among lower income and minority people?

1. Lack of health care

- 45 million uninsured (~17% of population)

- 12% of whites, 18% of Black and Asians, and 35% of Hispanics and Indians

2. Mistrust of health care system

3. Inequalities in care/treatment

4. Stress and lack of social support

5. unhealthy behaviors

Another perspective is that health inequalities along race and social class lines are a result of structural (macro) factors. What are some examples from this perspective?

1) Physical environment/neighborhood context

-access to food

-recreational options

-access to medical care

-unsafe housing

2)toxic exposure

-employment

-housing/residential

Thinking about the video clip "Sick Around the World," what are some of the pros and cons of the National Health Care system in Great Britain and/or Germany? How do their systems compare to ours in terms of choice, doctors' salaries, waiting lists, etc?

Pros: everyone gets health care; never have to pay; "competitiveness"

Cons: higher taxes; longer "waiting lists"

choice: not as many choices bc nature of competitiveness

doctors salaries: not paid as much as in US

waiting lists: supposedly longer than the US

Thinking about public opinion in the US, to what extent do people currently support same-sex marriage rights among gays and lesbians? How do their views on "gay marriage" compare to their views on "civil unions"?

Today, 46% support and 53% no me gusta (no like)

53% Support Civil Unions in comparison to 36% that favor Gay marriage

In how many states/which states do gays and lesbians have the right to marry?

Conneticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts

- Temporarily in California during 2008

In the various court cases, on what basis have gays and lesbians (and their supporters) argued that they should have the legal right to marry?

"Equal Protection under the Law"

In the US, both court judges and ordinary citizens play a role in shaping policies surrounding sam-sex marriage. What are some of the key differences in the decisions-making process of these two groups on the issue of same-sex marriage?

-When the State Supreme Court decides access to same sex unions have ALWAYS been granted

-When the voters decides access to same sex marriage have almost always been denied

Pecent of Adults that hold College Degree: 30%

Percent of People that Go to College: 50-60%

Percent of Direct Entry into Higher Education

(Low): 41%

(Middle): 57%

(High): 81%

Between 1970-1990, the black-white test score gap decreased by 40%

Pecent of Adults that hold College Degree: __%

Percent of People that Go to College:__%

Percent of Direct Entry into Higher Education

(Low): __%

(Middle): __%

(High): __%

Between 1970-1990, the black-white test score gap __creased by __%

Why does this way of funding public education seem to make sense to many Americans?

- Money from the Federal government accounts for only about 8% of school budgets

- On average, the state contributes 48% of the school budget, with the remaining 44% coming from the local level.

- Because property close values vary from place to place, the level of school funding varies from place to place.

Why does this way of funding public education seem to make sense to many Americans?

- Money from the Federal government accounts for only about _% of school budgets

- On average, the state contributes __% of the school budget, with the remaining __% coming from the local level.

- Because property close values vary from place to place, the level of school funding varies from place to place.

In terms of dollars, how big are the differences in school funding across states and districts?

-Median per pupil funding: $7,600

-In Texas, richest district spends more times as much than poorest district

-$38,000 in one and $100,000 in another

According to the US Supreme Court, is affirmative action legal/constitutional? In other words, is it legal to use race (or gender) as a "plus factor" in college admissions?

Yes

Who is mandated to practice affirmative action? In reality, how many colleges/universities practice this in admissions?

-employers and selective educators

-very few schools practice it

If affirmative action were banned, how would that impact college admission for white and minority students?

It would increase the likelihood of a white student getting into college only fractionally

What is the current judicial justification for affirmative action? How did the Supreme Court's position on affirmative action change from the Bakke decision to the Grutter decision?

The decision largely upheld the position asserted in Justice Powell's concurrence in v Bakke, which allowed race to be a consideration in admissions policy, but held that quotas were illegal.