medicine and law in the 20th century

What is heterosexism?

What is essentialism

what is social constructionism?

men dressed as women and were put to death—first known policing of sodomy in this continent

True or false?

-European religious authority promoted a “queering” of native people—historians made up a history of natives as sodomites/similar to Soddom and Gomorrah

True. Sodomy was used as an excuse to eliminate people and take their land

True or false? Colonial sodomy laws were created to police social roles/patriarchal gender roles; sodomy laws also punished any non-procreative act (gays/lesbians)

Sick, mentally ill, and mutilating their bodies.

anything that disrupts/challenges gender norms, including “pansexuality and crossdressing/intersexuality/homosexuality/violating gender atypicality.

What was the example Stryker gave of the queer community and feminists discriminating against transpeople?

Michigan Women’s Music Festival (feminist festival, also very very lesbian and there's a lot of drugs involved)—wouldn’t let a transgender woman come in—sparked publicity

“Press for Change”—group formed in 1992 to address trans issues, founded when trans forbidden to marry, founded in UK

1975 Transexual Action Organization

in the 80s by Virginia Prince as something between transvestite and transsexual—no surgical change (but it didn’t take on its current meaning until 1992—Leslie Fineberg pamphlet called “Transgender Liberation” (use as adjective, an umbrella term)

-1994 Queer Studies Conference at University of Iowa started first international network of emerging scholars in trans studies

before the Spanish go to the Americas they are intolerant, they carry their beliefs to the Americas

-ex. women who didn’t fit gender roles accused of being witches

-All colonies had separate laws, but most were Christian based. A lot of sodomy laws enforced with the idea that all people are sinful and need to be controlled to ensure moral order. The role of the law is to enforce Christian ideals

-No homosexuality yetàeveryone susceptible to performing homosexual (sodomitical) acts

friendship supposed to be based on equal partnership, so people of the opposite sex could not be friends. Same-sex friendship very important, platonic if no sexual acts

Their letters were concealed from the public for 150 years by embarrassed family members.

"Jeff" - Thomas Jefferson Withers: journalist/lawyer/Judge of South Carolina Court of Appeals; strict constructionist: Constitution.  Married 1833. Helped draw up the confederate govt in 1861.

-"Jim" James H. Hammond: governor/Congressman/Senator from South Carolina, pro-slavery

-he was a “commoner” by birth, but he worked hard and had a “fortunate” marriage to Charleston heiress Catherine Fitzsimmons.

-No evidence of adult homosexual impulses—enforced traditional sexual mores among his slaves—puritanical image

long fleshen pole, Battering Ram, elongated protuberance

True or false: According to Duberman in "She Even Chewed Tobacco", the robbing of male rituals was even more egregious (offensive) than courting women (she even chewed tobacco

-Many women presented as men out of economic necessity and were exposed by doctors

-Some women could avoid consequences (wealthy)

-Women did have relationships with women, which is reason for this phenomena to be claimed as lesbian history

What did Lillian Faderman liken prostitutes in the 19th century to?

-Margaret Otis: in reform schools, relationships between black/white women (black took the male role)

-18/19^th century a lot of working-class lesbianism because not much leisure time

-Mid 19^th century more visibility, because people leaving homes due to Industrial Revolution this was a sexual revolution (heterosexual revolution)—women lived together to get by

-Early sexologist descriptions of inversion based on working-class lesbians (seen as acts done by lower-classes)

-Because sexologists focused on lower-classes, inversion was often considered cross-dressing

-Sexologists: sinàillness

1)the Christian prohibitions of sodomy as an act contrary to “nature”;

2)the late-nineteenth century medical “discovery” of “homosexuality”;

3)the psychiatric, psychological, and developmental models of homosexuality that emerged in the 20^th century

Lehring's ideas on the historical impact of "nature" and "the natural" on the church

-Ideological/coercive power of the discourse of “nature”/”the natural” occurs around the medieval religious problematization of sodomy

-The sodomite was merely someone who had committed the heinous act of sodomy—the act was evil, although the person was not

-Thomas Aquinas—makes idealized conceptions of nature and natural law a central part of the medieval church’s epistemology

            -unnatural = failure to procreate (Plato)

-urbanization (disease control)

            -desire to preserve male superiority over women

compiled hundreds of cases of unusual sexual behaviors and desires and introduced new terms to vocabulary of sexual “perversions” (sadism/masochism/antipathic sex instinct = homosexuality); appropriate response for perversion is medical treatment; wrote Psychopathia Sexualis; he studied homosexuality in prisons and insane asylums

-The word “homosexuality” first coined by Hungarian pamphleteer Karoly Maria Benkert—homosexuality a congenital condition; homosexuals constituted a different sexual species

Who was Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

(German lawyer/writer/homosexual) ,argued that sexual preference was innate; first to develop systematically the idea that homosexuality was caused by cross-sex identification; said contrary sexual feelings are healthy; homosexuals should not be prosecuted

who was -Hirschfield

(member of an early German homosexual liberation movement) , accepted the 3^rd sex theory, lobbied legislators and appeared as an expert medical witness; rejected theories of mental illness and degeneracy and said it was natural; founded the Institute for Sexual Science; worked for repeal of a German sodomy law

-Ellis (wife was a lesbian)—wrote in Sexual Inversion that the presence of homosexual drives appeared at an early age; he wrote Studies in the Psychology of Sex, sexual inversion would become a dominant label, said female sexuality increasing bc feminism, brought the term homosexuality to the U.S.

Who was Karl Westphal

—German, wrote about contrary sexual feelings, a psychiatrist/congenitalist, studied homosexuality of the working class, the first (1869) to describe love between women in medical terms as men trapped in women’s bodies

English, wrote about the intermediate sex, wanted to end the criminalization of homosexuality

English physician concerned with removing penalties for homosexuality

Psychologist you know, talked about arrested development, said lesbianism is determined in childhood, “if they’re happy then they’re fine”

first use of “heterosexual” in U.S. in a medical article

any non heterosexual sex constitutes disease,

-He talked about transgender/transsexual elements—used the term arrested development, which he got from Freud

-His major concern is about gender non-conformity

-This was a case study of  “Count Sandor V.”—“gynandry”

-Interested in the physical manifestations of sexuality (took measurements…)

acquired and congenital

forced young people out of their isolated towns and they found other homosexuals, helped a shifting of gay people towards each other,

-More than 15 million civilians crossed state lines during the war (many women),

-Women found opportunity to leave male-run households and live in all-female worlds

neither honorable or dishonorable but undesirable, and mentioned homosexuality

-Women’s Army Corp had about 150,000 in its ranks, all volunteer (v. male draft)

-Women’s Marine Corp/Army Air Corp/Coast Guardà lesbians made up a large portion

-Homosexuality not as regulated in women’s corp as in men’s ranks

-Military wanted no homosexuals—used psychiatric testing

-Homosexuals were found by exhibiting effeminate looks and behavior

-Part of the testing they did after homosexuals were discharged—psychiatrists found that gay men had no gag reflex (?)

-Temporary tolerance of wartime in terms of acceptance of African Americans/gays/women  revert to “normalcy” after the war (womens returned home, etc., witchhunts and discharges picked up)

-Prevalence of wartime censorship posed risk

-Gay GIs often found each other but were at risk

-Gay GIs sought refuge in major cities (NYC, LA, San Francisco)

-For some the military an escape from intolerant communities, but relationships difficult to maintain—lovers separated in the ranks/by death

True or False: Lesbian/gay neighborhoods were created in cities, and this backlash forced people into the closet.

What did increased urbanization and industrialization do for homosexuals?

-Prohibition—spaces created for different people to meet, also homosexual subculture

 Magnus Hirschfield

the Society for Human Rights, but everyone was arrested.

Prove it on me Blues/Sissy Blues by Ma Rainey

censor mail, especially pornography—used to persecute homosexuals

-Rise of nazism, Hirschfield’s library destroyed and homosexuality recriminalized

-Bathhouses places for homosexuals to meet

-1934 Hollywood Code censors homosexuality in movies

1945 the Veteran’s Benevolence Association formed (first real gay rights group)à later the Mattachine Society was founded

What new technology in the 1950s/Cold War Era helped to define normality?

started the center of German Sexual Emancipation, after WWII became the leading expert in transgender sexuality, advocated hormonal therapy and surgeries

research that proved that gay men could be as well adjusted as straight men

-Red Scare—people associated deviance with communism (homosexuality=communism)

-1950 many people thought homosexuals a bigger threat than communists

-The Lavender Scare (see above)

-1952 an act banned immigrants from entering the U.S. if homosexual

the butch/femme dynamic not a copy of the sexist culture, but played a crucial role in developing communities

for relaxation and fun, but they were also central as resistance

-Bars were the only places lesbians could socialize but they were dangerous

-Provided a place of socialization/a means of maintaining social cohesion/context for individuals to confirm gay identity/a setting for the formation of alliances against the popo

-Usually located in areas known for moral permissiveness

What was the purpose of the 1950 "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in the U.S. Government" REPORT?

the active, aggressive male type

the submissive, passive female type

They tend to date each other.

In addition there is the bisexual who "leads a normal life except for his perverted acts"

Freudian : Failed to reach sexual maturity

1)generally unsuitable

2) constitute security risks

also,

lack emotional stability/surround themselves with other homosexuals which creates a sponging effect

Austrian spy,

Russians caught him in an act of perversion and blackmailed him, he ended up committing suicide after betraying his country

-Founded in 1950 in LA by Harry Hay and Rudi Gernreich

-They formed committees (ex. Citizen’s committee to outlaw entrapment)

-Purpose to unify/educate/lead

-1953 a group led by Ken Burns overthrew original leaders and established new order that was more assimilationist

-Started publishing The Mattachine Review

-Assimilationist writing: “we must blame ourselves for our plight”à apologetic, explaining that homosexuals aren’t that different from “normal” people

-“A Homosexual Looks at the Child Molester”: child molesters that happen to be homosexual not representative of homos as a group; if people were allowed to express their sexuality there would be less sexual predators

-“Sexual Freedom and Why Is it Feared?”: homosexuals think they suffer because of anti-gay culture, but we all suffer because we live in an anti-sex culture

-“Sex Offenses an Obselete Concept”: even though there were advances in the understanding of sexuality, people still relied on dogmatic religious ideas

Women we choose to name, who named themselves lesbian, or were named as lesbian by others.

-may also include women who are also part of transgender and women’s histories, bisexual histories, and national and occupational histories

What is  the oldest term still in use for women’s same-sex relationships?

women whose primary emotional and erotic allegiance is to other women

True or false: Laurie believes that lesbian identity is not just a female form of male homosexual identity, or a homosexual version of female heterosexual identity.

what is the problem with Nineteenth-century sexologists and their creation of “the stereotype called ‘the lesbian’”

A wide variety of lesbian types had been described in [earlier fiction and non-fiction] texts”

-Lesbian-feminist models applied to history assisted researchers to shift beyond ideas of fixed identity, or having to first establish that women themselves understood their relationships as lesbian.

-Allitudes varied, the same woman could be considered by different observers an innocent romantic friend, a pseudo-hermaphrodite, or a sinful lesbian, Sapphist, or tommy

The Ladder included articles on women from the past who may have had lesbian relationships

-Records of a woman called Ellen Tramay—arrived in Australia from Ireland and lived there for a year, starting to call herself Edward. Married Mary Delahunty, also came from Ireland. They divorced.

-He remarried in 1862 to Sarah More—died of TB in 1867

-Married again to Julia Marquand. Evans worked as a miner and had a daughter. Soon after he is sent to the hospital where discovered to be a woman. Wife claims to not know of this prior. Courtcase, Evans an exhibit in a freak show, has a breakdown and returns to mental hospitalization, forced to dress as a woman

About the decline of the lesbian world because people are choosing other categories, such as trans

director of The Gendercator, banned from LGBT film festival (perhaps promoted trans-bigotry, was about a butch lesbian going to sleep and waking up and being forced to become a heterosexual male, but the 'butch brigade' saves her so she can continue to play softball and wear birkenstocks)—says that lesbian women are altering themselves into trans-men

" More and more often we see young heterosexual women carving their bodies
into porno Barbie dolls and lesbian women altering themselves into transmen.
Our distorted cultural norms are making women feel compelled to use medical
advances to change themselves, instead of working to change the world."
(Crouch, 2005)
In interviews, Crouch

What kinds of lesbian policing does Stein describe?

people weren’t seen as someone who loves homosexually but as a homosexual—new identity/the “other”/dehumanized

as homosexuals they were shunned, had to create their own spaces.

Bars were somewhere that butches could dress/not hide, where working class women met and was not dangerous to approach each other

men whose primary sexual interest was cunnilingus and hoped to find that in a lesbian bar

-Butch/femme roles were enforced, sometimes through separate bathrooms. If didn’t fit into a category the individual might be suspected to be a cop

-Flipped—stone butch and femme is the aggressor

            -“Femalizing”

-“Making a pussy out of someone”

—“wishy washy” with their self-expression and would not conform to butch/femme, often middle-class

—mixture of butch and fluff (another name for femme), mistrusted by the community because seen as not committing, often working-class

The march on July 4, 1965—44 homophiles marched to independence hall, this was significant for visibility

Who was Bayard Rustin?

-Frank Kameny—after discharged in 1957 coined the slogan “gay is good”, like “black is beautiful”, he worked to erase the stigma around homosexuality, as a mental illness

-1963 ECHO (East Coast Homophile Organizations) formed in Philly, had a Conference

San Francisco: 1962 José Sarria was a drag queen, organized the League for Civil Education and ran for city supervisor but wasn’t elected

-Large riot at Compton’s Cafeteria (August 1966). Police raided Compton’s Cafeteria and drag queens there fought back

-July 1969 (New York City) the Gay Liberation Front formed

-Part of field research done on drag queens/female impersonators in the Midwest

-It outlined differences between cross-dressers for $/for sex/for own pleasure

-Drag is a double illusion of the masculine and feminine self

-Role of impersonator is related to drag queen (habitually wears female attire) and camp roles

-All drag opposes the “inner”/real self (which is male). This is shown during the reveal, where the impersonator pulls out a “breast”

-Drag queen symbolizes all that homosexuals fear in themselves (the stigma)

-Drag a symbol of the “outside-inside”, opposes sex roles: (1) this is abnormal; (2) what is “natural”?

-Camp is a “spoiled identity” (Goffman)—incongruity/theatricality/humor

-Theatricality: style and appearance, “stagey” and performed

It presents a stereotype/definition with a clearcut incongruity, designed to shock/discomfort/humor.

What is a hormone queen?

-“Hormone queens”—placing themselves outside of homosexual culture (sex changes is this to the next level)

-Security at the door, unlike many gay bars at the time and there was an inspection done through a peephole (by Ed Murphy)

-The bar had ties to the mafia

-People had to sign their names, but often used fake names

-Management usually tipped off of police raids by the 6th precinct

late teens/early thirties/not many women. few if any drag queens allowed.

-June 27, 1969 raid was not by the police but by federal agents. Stonewall liquor and alcohol bottles had no federal stamps, so they put them under surveillance and discovered the deal they had with the 6th precinct

—at Stonewall on that night (and was high), she was a drug dealer trying to kick the habit; gave speeches about Stonewall. Transwoman, helped found GLF and GAA.

-Because there were organizations already on the ground, they were able to create this memory

-Stonewall was made possible by the Gay Liberation Movement, everything came together at the right place/right time, media attention brought in early

-There was a system to commemorate because there was the “Annual Reminder” in Philadelphia on July 4, 1970—protest outside Independence Hall already in place to remind that people not all treated equallyàfirst organized by the Mattachine Society, became an event to commemorate Stonewall

-There was also national solidarity because it was celebrated in L.A. and San Francisco

ability of organizations and systems in place to commemorate, we have the tools to do this

What were some events that could have been commemorated like Stonewall but were not?

-San Francisco New Year’s Ball (Jan. 1. 1965)

-Compton Cafeteria Riot (1966)

-L.A. Black Cat Riot (1967)

-NY Snake Pit Bar Raid (1970)

Why did San Fransisco initially have a beef with the stonewall commemoration?

did not participate in the first gay pride parade because they were into assimilationist ideas—had formed alliances with the police, and had already had some progress they did not want to jeopardize