Term
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Definition
Open-ended Questions
Forced-choice Questions
Likert Scale
Semantic Differential Format |
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Term
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Definition
Allow respondents to answer any way they like.
EX- Who's your favorite actor? |
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Term
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Definition
| People give their opinion by picking the best of 2 or more options. |
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Term
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Definition
People are presented with a statement and asked to use a rating scale to indicate their degree of agreement.
I am able to do things as well as most people.
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly disagree Strongly agree |
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Term
| Semantic Differential Format |
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Definition
Respondents rate a target object using a numerical scale that is anchored with adjectives.
Easiness:
Easy 1 2 3 4 5 Hard |
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Term
| To write well worded questions AVOID.... |
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Definition
Leading Questions
Double-Barreled Questions
Double Negatives
Question Order |
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Term
Response Sets
or
Nondifferentiation |
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Definition
A type of shortcut respondents can take when answering surveys.
EX- acquiescence or yeah saying and nay saying
-Control by adding reverse items. |
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Term
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Definition
Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale.
-Control by not having a middle option. |
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Term
Socially Desirable Responding
or
Faking Good |
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Definition
| When survey respondents give answers to make them look better than they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| A similar phenomenon to Socially Desirable Responding, yet not as common. Answers are meant to make the responder appear worse. |
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Term
| Behavioral Observational Research |
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Definition
When a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they are doing.
Can be better than self-reports because people cannot always report accurately on their behavior or past events. |
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Term
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Definition
| When observers see what they expect to see. This influences their interpretations of participants' behavior and the outcome of the study. |
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Term
Observer Effects
or
Expectancy Effects |
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Definition
When study participants confirm observer expectations. The observers actually change the behavior of the participants by the participants changing their behavior to match the observers expectations.
EX- Bright and Dull Rats, they are all the same |
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Term
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Definition
When participants react to being watched.
- Control by blending in (unobtrusive observation), waiting it out, or measure the reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clear ratings scales for observers to use to make reliable judgments. Used to avoid observer bias and observer effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using multiple observers to code a measurement for higher construct validity. |
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Term
Masked Design
or
Blind Design |
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Definition
| A common way to prevent observer bias and effects in which the observers are unaware of the conditions to which participants have been assigned and are unaware what the study is about. |
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