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Label
1. Acquire Masters
2. Market those Masters |
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| A market condition in which there only are a few firms competing in the market. A few could be anywhere from 2-20 |
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| Three Levels of Oligopoly |
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1. dominant firm oligopoly
firm owns 50-90% of market
2. Tight oligopoly
concentration of 4 firms hold more than 60% of the market
3. Effective competition
more than four but less than "many" firms hold 60% of the market |
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1. # of firms
2. The seller concentration
3. The product differentiation
4. Barriers to entry |
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| Recording Industry - Tight Oligopoly |
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1955. Ended the Tight oligopoly
1955-1956 - 44% increase in sales volume
1958- Independents Skyrocket
1960s: Albums > Singles
1962- Billboard: 42 labels |
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| The Merger of Polygram and Universal |
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Definition
1998
Top 4 controlled 75%
Universal, Warner, BMG, Sony |
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1. Warner Music Group : Canada
2. Universal Music Group: France
3. Sony-BMG Music Entertainment: Japan - Germany
4. EMI Group: UK |
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| World's largest. 1998 when UMG (old MCA) merged w/ polygram. In 2001, it merged with french Vivendi to create Vivendi music. |
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| Universal Music Group sales |
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Definition
MCA, Geffen, Interscope, Mercury, Polydor, London, Vertigo, Verve, Wing, A+M, Island/ Def Jam
Motown, Decca |
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| Music division of Warner Brothers Film to control music interests in its film in the 20s |
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| After 2000, Warner Bros records became AOL time warner. |
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Definition
| AOL-Time warner sold to Edgarm Bonfam of and a canadian group of investors |
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| Warner Music Group holdings |
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Definition
| labels and Warner/Chappel publishing and WEA inc. Branch distribution |
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| Warner Music Group labels |
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| Warner Brothers, Electra/asylum, Atlantic, Atco, Reprise, Rhino, Maverick, Tommy Boy, Grant |
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| Digital Audio Disc Corporation |
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Definition
| Sony, Japanese elec. Company, developed software to compliment its hardware. Went with CBS to create the Digital Audio Disc Corp. |
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| Sony built its music interests by acquiring CBS for 2 billion in 1988 |
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| Columbia, Epic, Sony Nashville |
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| BMG acquires Arista and RCA |
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Got Arista from Clive Davis in 1979
In 1986, BMG purchased RCA victor from GE |
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| Ariola, RCA, LaFace/Arista, Zoo entertainment, Private, Windham Hill, Jive/Silvertone |
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Began with UK mergers in 1930.
EMI was mainly euro until 1956 when it acquired Capitol Records |
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| Capitol, EMI, Chysalis, Sparrow, Virgin, Blue Note, Angel |
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| The upper level structure of the big 4 is basically the same. Each corporate owner owns several different business in addition to its recording companies |
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| Seek to own all aspects of production, from signing of song, to sale of recording. |
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Label president is usually someone with A&R experience, but not necessarily.
Label president oversees ALL operations, but depending on involvement with A&R, the other divisions may have additional independence. |
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| Legal Department:: Negotiationg Artist and producer agreements, Other licensing arrangements, Sampling and Film:: |
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| The counting of sales, returns, free goods, promotional albums, and the payments of royalties. |
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| This unit works out international distribution deals and coordinate marketing plans around the world. May be responsible for A&R in foreign territories. Some smaller labels hire other labels outside the US or a major US label to handle international marketing and distribution |
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Get records to consumer
Promoting consumer awareness through media |
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Getting orders from Rack jobbers, retail chains, and one stops
May be specialists whose job it is to visit stores and help to set up displays |
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::Radio and Video play
:: See that the "Right" people hear the music :: Take artists to visit local Radio and TV stations or record stores |
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| :: Create media plans to go along with album or single :: Many labels make advertising :: Make national media buys or dispense co-op ad. money to retailers and distributors who come up w/ additional ad. plans for label. |
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| Publicity/ Artists Relations |
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Definition
| Consists of nonpaid exposure other than radio or music video :: In charge of getting album reviews in National and local media //////// Coordinate the work of other departments to be sure there is a unified marketing plan for every album. :: Work with personal manager to maintain image |
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| Finding + Recording Artists :: Look for songs for non writers :: because it's in charge of the finished copy, it also has administrative duties with the master. |
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| get mechanical licenses and clearances for sampling:: make sure that all people who played get proper credits :: help producers screen material for an artist:: coordinate delivery of the recording, artwork, and liner notes for delivery to plant:: make sure musicians, artists, and producers get paid. |
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| In charge of the rec. process :: Find talent and record it :: Record after others found it :: screen talent being pitched to label :: may be paid / independent |
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| The "indies" Independent Label |
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Definition
| not owned by conglomerate or subsidiaries :: may be distributed by majors and still be an indie |
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