(1685-1789)

Pre-Classical Style

characterized by ______ _______

instead of _____ ______

absorbed into mature classical styles of what two composers?

(1700-1750)

accompanied melody

complex polyphony

Mozart and Hayden

Style Galant

was also called:

was considered for what class:

characteristics:

Rococo

 salon & aristocracy

simple melodies, slow harmonic rhythm, pleasing

 major tonality preffered

Empfindsamer Stil

also called: 

german equivalent to:

characteristics:

Sensitive Style

Style Galant

simple, expressive melodies in short phrases

Sturm und Drang

also called:

characteristics:

Storm & Stress

dramatic, frightening, shocking, highly emotional

Pre-Classical Formal Structure

vocal forms: 

instrumental forms:

ABA da capo aria and AB "Cavatina"

Binary (old AB form): tonic-dominant; 

dominant-tonic (with repeats)

Rounded Binary (precursor of Sonata-allegro form)

A;BA

Sonata-Allegro Form

also called:

Sonata or First Movement form

Multi-movement Sonata

describe:

3 movements; fast-slow-fast

Domenico Scarlatti

worked in:

known for:

(1685-1757)

Rome

 555 keyboard sonatas

(played with harpsicord)

The Pre-Classical Concerto

established by:

the 3 standard movements:

Bach's sons influenced:

Vivaldi

Allegro; melodic Andante; Finale

 Haydn and Mozart

Carl Philip Emanuel Bach

 made 3 types of music:

 symphonies used:

(1714-1788)

 Keyboard, Orchestra/Chamber Music, Vocal

 flutes, oboes, horns, bassoon, 5-part strings

Development of the Symphony

developed from:

 standard form:

concert symphony instruments:

italian opera overture (sinfonia) + trio sonata & concerto grosso

3-movement form

2 oboes, 2 horns, strings

Johann Stamitz

used what model in music?

(1717-1757)

3- movement with added minuet

Vienna

known for:

italian opera, chamber music, symphonies

Paris

 music was dominated by:

important composer:

opera

Gossec

Mid-18th Century Musical Treatises

J.J. Quantz wrote what?

Emanuel Bach wrote what?

Leopold Mozart wrote what?

Giuseppe Tartini wrote what?

Essay on playing the transverse flute

Essay on the true art of playing keyboard

Essay on the fundamental principles of violin playing

Treatise on ornaments in music

Pre-Classical Italian Opera

also called:

opera could only be:

opera seria

 tragedy and comedy

Pietro Metastasio

was:

standardized:

(1698-1782)

18th century dramatist and poet for opera seria

characters of voices

prima donna/seconda donna (sopranos)

primo uomo/seconda uomo (castrati)

some duets and hardly large ensembles used

Prima Donna

Primo Uomo

sopranos

castratis

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

best known for:

(1710-1736)

 La Serva Pardrona

Johann Adolph Hasse

studied where?

occupation:

worked closely with:

(1699-1783)

 italy

Opera Composer

 most famous in Europe

 Pietro Metastasio

Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782)

did:

wrote gallate-style

Intermezzo

had 3 characters:

comic interlude between acts; opera seria

soprano, bass, and a mute

improvised comic drama

Opera buffa

 also called:

used chain finale

comic opera

Dramma Giocoso

also called:

jocular drama

incorporated tragedy and comedy

Opera comique

Ballad Opera

Famous operas:

Singspiel

Zarzuela

France

ensemble finales were important

simple music and political

England

used existing songs with new words

Beggars Opera and Threepenny Opera

Germany

spoken vernacularly

Vaudevill final was typical

W.A. Mozart composed operas here

Spain

operatic arias, choruses with accompaniment

old style with instrumental doubling

The Classical Period

includes what famous composers:

characterized by:

(1750-1825)

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert

clarity, balance, and restraint

Musical Forms of Classical Period

forms used:

multi-movement

usage of sonata-allegro form

rondo

theme & variation

sonata

for what instrument(s)?

solo keyboard or with additional solo instrument

symphony

describe structure:

4-movement 

sometimes adagio intro to first movement

concerto

describe:

describe the movements:

established by:

influenced:

3-movement

allegro, andante, rondo allegro

JC Bach;

 Haydn and Mozart

String Quartet

 evolved from:

credited with creation:

structure:

trio sonatas: add viola and drop keyboard

Haydn

 3 movement and minuet finale

Chamber Music with Piano

1780

piano is established as equal instrument

Divertimento

replaced:

how many movements?

terms for movements:

Mozarts best known:

Baroque concerto grosso

5-movements

Allegro, Minuet, Andante, Minuet, Allegro

Ein kleine Nachtmusik

Symphonie concertante

describe:

form resembled:

orchestra with 2 or more virtuoso soloists

 3-movement concerto

Christoph Willibald Gluck

best known for:

Orfeo ed Euridice had what unified?

(1714-1787)

reformation of operas

"reform operas"

drama, music, ballet

Christoph Willibald Gluck

4 reformation ideas:

(1714-1787)

1. simplify music and express drama

2. let aria forms fit the situation

3. avoid secco recitative and reduce contrast

4. relate the overture to drama

sung play

germany

Franz Joseph Hayden

how many symphonies?

(1732-1809)

 104

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

treated opera like:

influenced by:

there's so much more

(1756-1791)

multimovement musical form

JC Bach and Haydn

Antonio Salieri

students were:

(1750-1825)

 Beethoven, Czerny, Liszt, Schubert