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Survey I
Spring semester 2011: Professor Long
128
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
01/17/2012

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
Terra Amata, France- c. 400,000 BCE
Term
[image]
Definition

-Lascaux cave,  France. c.10,000 BCE

 

-spirituality not habitation

-"gallery space"

- Architecture is meant to say something about who we are.

Term
Tensile Frame vs. Compression Frame
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition

-Skara Brae, Scotland

-2000 BCE

-heavy insulated walls (cyclopean masonry)

-possible whale bone usage because no wood

 

Term
[image]
Definition

-Carnac, France

-2000 BCE

-rows of menhirs (purpose unclear)

-planned out ORDER= ARCHITECTURE

Term
[image]
Definition

-New Grange, Ireland

-2500 BCE

-one of largest structures of Neolithic era

-surrounded by ditch

-spiral carvings

use of CORBELLING: slowly narrowing span

-1st space not relying on megalithic construction

Term
[image]
Definition

-Stonehenge, England 2750-1500 BCE

-built in four phases

-birth of tectonics and monumental architecture

-use of lintels+piers= trilithon

-mortise and tenon construction

-trabeated construction= all about piers+lintels

Term
[image]
Definition

Ishtar Gate

-Babylon, Iraq (575 BCE)

 

Commisioned by Nebuchadnessar

fire-baked tiles with glaze

Term
[image]
Definition

Jericho

Israel, Palestine (7500)

 

-Layered

-centered around natural spring

-stone tower with internal passageways

Term
[image]
Definition

Khirokitia

Cypruss

(5500)

 

-One stone masonry "street"

raised

-widening of street at point= plaza

-city developed linearly along pathway

Term
[image]
Definition

Çatalhöyük, Turkey

6000 BCE

 

-largest neolithic city

-no street system: roof occupation

-painted interior walls and carving orientation

Term
[image]
Definition

Ziggurat of Ur Nammu

Ur, Iraq (2113-2096)

 

-symbolized mountains

-ceremonial procession "climbing"

Term
[image]
Definition

Giza, Egypt

Khufu, Khafra, Menkaura

 (2570-2500)

Term
mastaba
Definition

-flat roofed rectangle with sloping sides

-tomb chamber underneath

Term
Colonade
Definition
-row of columns with entablature
Term
Spur Wall
Definition
-Short wall that projects at a right angle from main wall
Term
Clerestory
Definition
-Upper zone of wall pierced with windows to let in light.
Term
Flute
Definition
-grooves (channels) that ornament the shafts of columns
Term
Lotus Capital
Definition
-Egyptian capstone, symbolizes lotus flower
Term
[image]
Definition

Mortuary Complex of Zoser

Zoser, Saquarra (2680)

 

Architect: Imohotep

Term
[image]
Definition

Great Sphinx

Giza, Egypt

 

-Largest monolithic sculpture

-One piece of stone

Term
[image]
Definition

Temple of Amon, Karnak

(1525-1350)

 

-tri part division

Public= front

priest= center

tomb= back

^form for all New Age Architecture

Term
[image]
Definition

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir el Bahri (1500)

 

-elaborate passage way to actual tomb

-axial

-trabeation/repetition of elements

Term
[image]
Definition

Mortuary Temple of Menuhotep

Deir el Bahri (2050)

 

-First great building since pyramids

-framed with columns

-peristyle court

-merges old form (pyramids) and new trabeated forms

Term
Definition

Temple of Ramses II

Abu Simbel

 

-display power through architecture

-axial

-excavated into cliff

-same three part division

-elements of trabeation inside

Term
[image]
Definition

-Lion's Gate

Mycenae, Greece 1250

Term
Half Timbering
Definition
-wooden frame where in between are is filled with bricks or stone
Term
Pise
Definition

-Rammed earth walls

-wooden frame removed afterwards

Term
[image]
Definition

-Troy (Hisarlik), Turkey

(3000-1300 BCE)

-Troy VI Homeric Troy

-8 layers

-rubble masonry

-consisted of megarons, the basis of the Greek temple

Term
[image]
Definition

-Palace of Minos- Knossos, Crete

(1600 BCE)

-Most important city of Bronze age

-self-contained city/ building complex

-planned out spaces

-terraced courtyard and magazines

-frescos

Term
[image]
Definition

-Treasury of Atreus (tomb of Agaememnon)

-tomb in hillside

-round beehive chamber

-dromos= passageway

-ASHLAR MASONRY

-large interior space w/o using columns

Term
Definition

-Temple of Artemis- Ephesos, Turkey

-(560-550)

IONIC

Term
[image]
Definition

-Temple of Apollo- Delphi, Greece

(3rd-4th century)

-1st view of temple is from corner

-faces east

-theater for civic/religious purposes

 

Term
[image]
Definition

-Persepolis, Iran

-(518-460 BCE)

-everything set on platform

bas reliefs

Term
[image]
Definition

-Persepolis, Iran

-Palace of Darius/ Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes

-(518-460 BCE)

-thinner columns meant you could see diagonally through the space (differed from Egyptian)

- persians borrowed a a lot from egyptian architectural 

Term
[image]
Definition

-Theater, Epidaurus

(300 BCE)

-uncovered open-air ampitheater

-cavea: seating portion

-orchestra: place for chorus

-cut into hillside and followed natural topography

Term
[image][image]
Definition

-Propylaia- Akropolis, Athens Greece

(437-432)

-Mneskiles
-gate into akropolis 

-Architect as: designer, contractor, sculptor, worker

Term
[image]
Definition

-Temple of Athena Nike

-Akroplois Athens

-Kallikrates

-ionic

-tetrastyle and amphiprostyle

-architrave and frieze

Term
[image][image]
Definition

-Parthenon- Akropolis, Athens

(447-432)

-Iktinos and Kallikrates

-largest Doric temple

-memorial sculptures on stairs of temple

-actually garishly painted (reds and blues)

Term
[image]
Definition

-Erechterion- Akropolis, Athens

-(421-405)

-Kallikrates

-entrance through portico

-ionic porch

-female figures hold up columns

Term
[image]
Definition

-Temple of Apollo- Bassae, Greece

(late 5th century)

-Iktinos

-doric

-entry in North (not the typical East)

-frieze runs along inside of car

-First example of corinthian columns

-acanthus: leaves on corinthian column

Term
[image]
Definition

-Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

-(335)

-award monument for actor Lysicrates

-always replicated

Term
[image]
Definition

-Altar of Zeus- Pergamon, Turkey

(197-159)

-open-air free standing altar

-repeated columns/stairs= hellenistic style

-huge frieze running around base

-more open-air sculpture than a building

Term
cromlech/henge
Definition
-prehistoric arrangement of huge stones
Term
dolmen
Definition
-prehistoric tomb. trabeated construction then buried under earthen mound
Term
gallery grave
Definition
-roofed stone corridor (multiple dolmen in succession) then buried under earth
Term
piers, lintels, trabeation
Definition
-'pi' shaped monument
-trabeation= constructionusing piers and lintels
Term
menhir
Definition
-monument in the form of a single upright stone
Term
mortise and tenon
Definition
-mortise:key
-tenon: lock
Term
barrow
Definition
-earthen mound 9often covering a tomb)
Term
corbelled vault
Definition
-construction method where stones are slowly set more inward until each side connects into an arch. instead of capping with single stone
Term
passage grave
Definition
?
Term
cyclopean masonry
Definition
-rudimentary building form with large, unformed stones
Term
ashlar masonry
Definition
- more precise than cyclopean. stones are cut and then stacked upon each other
Term
rubble masonry
Definition
-building with small stones patched together with grout/plaster/or mud to hold in place
Term
trilithon
Definition
-most basic form of architecture
-single unit formed by two piers and a lintel
Term
Cob
Definition
-mud mixed with straw or sticks and then piled up to form structure
Term
adobe
Definition
-sun baked mud bricks mixed with a binder (straw or sticks)
-often covered with plaster for extra protection
Term
Pise de terre
Definition
-rammed earth construction
-built using molds
Term
half- timber construction
Definition
- frame filled with mud, brick, stones etc.
Term
Niche
Definition
-a shallow recess?
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
-temple in the form of a stepped tower wich symbolizes climbing a mountain
Term
orthagonal planning
Definition
-using a grid pattern for planning where lines either intersect at right angles or are parallel to eachother
Term
column (fluted)
Definition
-flutes= ridges carved in sides of column
Term
serdab
Definition
-chamber inside a mastaba which contains a statue of the deceased
Term
hypostyle hall
Definition
-grid of columns
-Egyptian
-often disorienting
Term
peristyle court
Definition
-open space surrounded on at least two sides with columns (collonades)
Term
axis
Definition
-In Egyptian architecture, use of axis symbolized connection with Nile
Term
pylon
Definition
-monumental pair of sloping masses which mark an entrance
-Egyptian
Term
obelisk
Definition
-four-sided shaft with capstone
Term
bas relief
Definition
-art form in which the figures are slightly raised from background
Term
Megaron
Definition
-principle hall of a Mycenaen, Cretan, or Anatolian palace/house
-rectangular plan with hearth in center and surrounded by columns
-Basis of Greek temple
Term
labyrinth
Definition
-architecture that creates a constant, shifting movement
-think Palace of Minos, Knossos
Term
tholos
(pl. tholoi)
Definition
-circular, subterranean chamber
Term
piano nobile
Definition
-main floor of a large building/palace
Term
polychromy
Definition
-usage of multiple colors
Term
"polis"
Definition
-Greek for city
Term
beehive chamber
Definition
-corbelled chamber 9shaped like beehive!)
-think: Treasury of Atreus
Term
dromos
Definition
-underground passageway
-think Treasury of Atreus
Term
fresco
Definition
-wall mural painted on WET plaster
-locks pigment in place and creates more lasting color
Term
stoa
Definition

-breezeway with columns on one side

-think open-air market space

Term
porch vs. portico
Definition
-Porch=ANY covered entry
-portico= with at least two columns
Term
bouleuterion
Definition
-think: city hall
Term
Ampitheater
Definition
-open air theater
Term
Cavea
Definition
-tiered, semi-circular seating of an ampitheater
Term
Orchestra
Definition
-place where chorus stood in amphitheater (best acoustics)
Term
Proscenium
Definition
-actual stage portion of amphitheater
Term
skene
Definition
-"changing room" area of amphitheater
Term
Propylaia
Definition
-"gatehouse" entry of amphitheater
Term
Entasis
Definition
-slight convexity given to columns to make appear completely straight.
-lozenge shape
Term
Caryatid
Definition
-female figures as columns
-think: Erechterion, Akropolis, Athens
Term
Agora
Definition
-place where assembly met
Term
Mosaic
Definition
-picture made with small pieces
Term
Temenos
Definition
-Enclosed place where sacred temple stood?
Term
Cella (naos)
Definition
-Central structure of temple
Term
Gable
Definition
-triangular form
Term
prostyle
Definition
-Columns in front only
Term
amphiprostyle
Definition
-Columns on just front/back
Term
Peripteral
Definition
-columns surrounding (all sides)
Term
Distyle
tetra-
hexa-
octa-
enna-
deca-
Definition
# of columns in front?
Term
-formula for # of columns on sides
Definition
-# of side columns= # in front times 2 plus 1
Term
Acroterium
(pl. achroteria)
Definition
-Statues on corners of temple
DORIC
Term
Pediment
Definition
-Sloped top portion (gable?)
DORIC
Term
Entablature
Definition
-architrave frieze and cornice
Term
Peripteral vs. dipteral
Definition
-Peripteral=surrounded by single row of columns
-dipteral= surrounded by two rows of columns
Term
Doric vs. Ionic columns
Definition
-Doric= without base
-Ionic= with base
Term
Pronaos
Definition
-Open portion before cella (naos)
Term
Stylobate
Definition
-Flat level which everything sits on
Term
Stereobate
Definition
-stairs leading to stylobate
Term
Typanum
Definition
-the recessed, usually triangular space enclosed between the horizontal and sloping cornices of a pediment, often decorated with sculpture
Term
Cornice
Definition
-the uppermost member of a classical entablature
Term
Entablature
Definition

-Everything between columns and eaves of a temple

-(freize, cornice, and architrave)

Term
Frieze
Definition
-decorative band at top or beneath cornice
Term
Architrave
Definition
-lowest part of the entablature
Term
Abacus
Definition
-slab that forms top of column
Term
Echinus
Definition
-circular slab which supports the abacus
Term
Capital
Definition
-Upper part of column
Term
Volute
Definition
-Spiral ornament of the capital
IONIC
Term
Soffit
Definition
the underside of an architectural feature, as a beam, arch, ceiling,vault, or cornice.
Term
-Dentil
Definition
-Series of small, rectangular blocks placed in cornice
-think: dentils=teeth
Term
Pteron
Definition
-Collonade parallel, but apart from cella
Term
Opisthodomos
Definition
-small room in the cella of a classical temple
Term
Arris
Definition
-sharp ridge of Doric columns
Term
Corinthian columns
Definition
- new style that emerges in the Temple of Apollo in Bassae, Greece
-Dont know why.
everything IONIC except acanthus leaves capital
Term
Arcuated
Definition
-bent or curved
Term
Kouros
(pl. kouroi)
Definition
-sculptured representation of a young man
Term
Hypaethral
Definition
-no roof, open-air
Term
Module
Definition
-single element that is easily produced/repeated
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