Term
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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Definition
Gave the Supreme Court judicial review based on Article III of the Constitution.
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United States v. Nixon (1974)
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Definition
Chief Warren E. Burger and all the other justices ruled that the Watergate Papers had to be released.
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
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Definition
Federal law takes precedence over state law.
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Definition
Granted/held Congress’s ability to regulate interstate commerce.
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Term
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
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Definition
Ruled that black people were not citizens or protected by the Constitution.
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Term
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
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Definition
Gitlow distributed socialist materials like the “left wing manifesto” and was arrested. The government can restrict free speech if it believes that the only end is the avocation of illegal activity (such as overthrowing the government).
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Term
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986)
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Definition
Fraser gave an illicit speech in school nominating a classmate for a student government position. The school took action against him. Court ruled against Fraser because the speech was disrupted, sexual, and not consistent with the “fundamental values of public school education.”
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Term
Tinker v. De Moines (1969)
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Definition
Tinker and friends refused to take off armbands protesting the Vietnam War. School took action. Court ruled that symbolic speech is protected under the First Amendment even at school.
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Definition
Johnson burned a flag. Court ruled that his act (desecration of a flag) was protected under the First Amendment.
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| The Court voted to strike down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act (the CDA), finding they violated the freedom of speech provisions of the First Amendment. |
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| The court decided that prayer in public schools was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause. |
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| A Pennsylvania statute gave financial support for instructional materials for secular subjects to private (possibly religious) schools. Court ruled that in order for a statute to be constitutional, it must have a "secular legislative purpose" and must not have the effect of advancing or inhibiting religion. |
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Definition
| Evidence obtained without a warrant can not be used to convict a defendant in court. Created the "exclusionary rule." |
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Term
| Katz v. United States (1967) |
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Definition
| Conversations on pay phones are protected under the Forth Amendment, and police need a search warrant to wire tap such conversations. |
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Term
| United States v. Ross (1982) |
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Definition
| Police do not violate the Fourth Amendment by searching a car after it has been pulled over. Police may search all parts of the pulled-over car, including the trunk. |
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
| Louisiana's law mandating racial segregation on its trains was ruled to be within constitutional bounds. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) |
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Definition
| "Separate but equal" doctrine was ruled to have no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. |
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Term
| University of California v. Bakke (1978) |
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Definition
| Race can be a factor in admissions, but not the biggest factor. |
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Term
| Roth v. United States (1957) |
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Definition
| Obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment. Defined "obscene" more strictly. |
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Term
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
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Definition
| All persons accused of a crime must be read their "Miranda Rights" (the Fifth Amendment). This prevents ignorant self-incrimination. |
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